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木鱼收集的09阅读理解

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发表于 2008-5-9 13:52:51 |只看该作者 |倒序浏览
我自己收集的一些09的比较不错的阅读理解,感觉基本上没有很大的错误,都是一些辅导班用的材料,有兴趣的可以参考一下.
看到被浏览量很高,word文档还是传给大家吧,本人也不支持无聊灌水啊,无偿奉送.

[ 本帖最后由 木鱼 于 2008-5-12 13:08 编辑 ]

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发表于 2008-5-9 14:02:42 |只看该作者

考研英语阅读理解:情感商机

The future of business lies not in selling products but in selling dreams and emotions, according to Rolf Jensen, director of the Copenhagen Institute for Future Studies. In his new book, The Dream Society, Jensen profiles six distinct “emotional markets” and invites businesses to consider how best to profit from them:

The market for Adventures offers customers safaris, theme parks, sports, and action/adventure TV shows and movies.

Nike ' s ties to the “ Adventure ” market made it willing to pay a reported $ 400 million simply for the right to sponsor Brazil ' s outstanding national soccer team, thereby boosting the brand  s image as the footwear of champions. (26) Such an investment makes sense in a market where consumers find many products with comparable features and quality and must find some reason to choose one over the others.

The market for Love, Friendship, and Togetherness has such offerings as perfume, gifts, home photography, restaurants, and entertainment.

(27)Tapping the “ Togetherness ” market, Guinness Brewery has teamed with an Irish firm to establish a chain of “ authentic ” Irish pubs in cities around the world — where Irish charm and British beer sell briskly in each other ' s company. In France, a growing number of local bistros known as “ Cafes Philos ” now employ a trained philosopher to lead and moderate long (and thirst - producing) debates among the customers on complex questions of morality, the nature of time, or humanity ' s relationship to nature.

The market for Care recently offered a product that captured children ' s desire to nurture and care for pets. The Tamagotchi is a demanding little electronic puppy (or kitten or even an alien) that beeps for attention from its owner. Real pets are becoming hotel amenities in some places.

The Who - Am - I market offers products that proclaim their owner ' s identity, like fashion, automobiles, and accessories. (28) Louis Vuitton suitcases, for instance, tell a story that their owners want told to the world: “ I am an exciting person, gliding with perfect ease through posh hotels all over the world, and I do it in style.”

The Peace of Mind market features nostalgia, history, and antiques.

(29) In rapidly changing times, many people seek the serenity of the familiar, be it the bistros of Paris or small  town life in the United States . For instance, First National Bank in Brookings proclaims, “ We strive to maintain the small  town banking atmosphere while growing and changing with the technological age.”

The Conviction market, last of the six markets includes “green” products, humane testing, and worker welfare.

(30) While many companies may be reluctant to become overly political, they can highlight their involvement in the community and market to their customers  need to make purchases that are in line with their convictions . Trend analyst John Naisbitt referred to this trend as cause  related marketing; among companies taking this approach are British Petroleum, which uses its Web site to report on the company  s Community Development Program, and Mobil, which accentuates its concern for local populations of countries in which it does business. “ They see themselves as pillars of society ” , says Jensen. [ 515 words ]

核心词汇
boost vt./n. * ① increase the strength or value of (sth.); help or encourage (sb./sth.) 增强(某事物)的力量;提高(某事物)的价值;帮助,鼓励(某人) 例: boost share prices 提高股票价格 / boost sb.  s confidence/morale/ego 增强某人的自信心 / 士气 / 自尊 ② to advertise something by discussing or praising it 吹捧,大肆宣传 例: a special promotion to boost their new product 为推销新产品而特别开展的宣传活动

in line with 符合,和……一致 例: Pensions will be increased in line with inflation. 退休金将随着通货膨胀而相应提高。 / His ideas on politics are exactly in line with mine. 他的政治见解跟我的完全一致。

lie in ① 位于(某地) 例: The town lies in a small wooded valley. 该镇坐落于一个林木茂盛的小山谷中。 * ② 存在,在于 例: The answer must lie in finding alternative sources of power. 答案必定在于找到替代性能源。 ③ 早上迟起,睡懒觉 例: I can  t wait to be able to lie in this weekend. 周末能睡个懒觉,我真等不及了。

profile n. [ C ] ①(事物的)外形,轮廓;(人的)侧面,侧像 ②(某地方的)概况,人物简介 例: an employee profile 雇员简介

*vt. to write or give a short description of sb. or sth. 写……的传略或概况 例: The new editor was profiled in the Sunday paper. 星期天的报纸登载了这位新主编的简历。

超纲词汇
accentuate vt. ① 用重音读,重读 * ② 强调,突出 例: Her black hair accentuated the whiteness of her skin. 她的黑头发更显出她皮肤的白皙。
amenity n.* ① 使人身体舒适或工作便利的事物,便利设施 ② 娱乐场所
beep v.* ① (机器)嘟嘟响 例: Why does the computer keep beeping? 电脑为什么一直嘟嘟响? ② 鸣笛,按响(汽车喇叭)
nostalgia n. 乡愁 , 向往过去 , 怀旧之情
safari n. (在非洲的)野外观兽旅行
theme park 主题公园:所有的布置和场景都有一个中心主题的娱乐公园,如“世界的未来”

总体分析
本文介绍了几种不同类型的“情感市场”,指出商家可以利用这些市场吸引有不同心理需求的顾客,从而把握发展的契机。
第一段:指出未来的商机存在于“情感市场”,并说明情感市场可分为六类。
第二段至文末:分别介绍六类“情感市场”。第二、三段介绍“探险市场”,以耐克公司打造冠军鞋类为例;第四、五段介绍“爱情、友情及友爱情谊市场”,并着重描述了其中的友爱情谊市场,以一种“正宗”爱尔兰酒吧和法国的“哲理辩论”小酒馆为例;第六段介绍“关爱市场”,以一种要求孩子们照顾的电子宠物为例;第七段介绍“我是谁市场”,以路易斯威登手提箱为例;第八、九段介绍“心灵平静市场”,以一家银行努力保持其小镇风格为例;第十、十一段介绍“信仰市场”,以两家石油公司树立自己社会中流砥柱的形象为例。

试题精解
26.\[ 精解 \] 本题考核的知识点是:定语从句、后置定语。
句子的主干部分是: Such an investment makes sense in a market... ,后面为 where 引导的定语从句,其中的主要结构为 consumers find many products... and must find some reason ,其中 with comparable features and quality 和 to choose one over the others 都是后置定语,分别修饰 products 和 reason 。全句最大的一个难点在于主干部分若是放在句子起始部分,后面较难处理,一般来说,遇到 makes sense 的句子,该部分往往放在后面。
词汇 : make sense 意为“合情理、有意义”。 comparable 本意为“可比较的”,此处意为“相似或相当”。 feature 意为“特点、特征”。
译文 :在一个市场里,消费者会发现许多特征、质量不相上下的产品,这就必须找到某个理由从中选择一样产品而舍弃其他,在这样的市场里,这项投资就合情合理了。

27 . \[ 精解 \] 本题考核的知识点是:非谓语结构做状语、定语从句。
句子的主干部分是: Guinness Brewery has teamed with an Irish firm ,句首的现在分词结构 tapping the “ Togetherness ” market 是伴随性状语, to establish a chain of “ authentic ” Irish pubs in cities around the world 为目的状语,主句后面 where 引导了一个定语从句,修饰 Irish pubs ,翻译的时候,可以单独处理。
词汇 : tap 意为“开发、利用”。 togetherness 意为“和睦相处,友爱情谊”。 team with 意为“与……合作”。 authentic “真正的”。 briskly “兴旺地”。
译文 :在开发“友爱情谊”产品市场的过程中,吉尼斯啤酒厂与一家爱尔兰公司合作,在世界各大城市里设立了一系列“正宗”爱尔兰酒吧。在那里,爱尔兰魅力和英国啤酒相得益彰,酒吧生意异常兴隆。

28 . \[ 精解 \] 本题考核的知识点是:定语从句、分词结构。
主句比较简单 Louis Vuitton suitcases tell a story ,其中插入语 for instance 翻译时可以放在句首。 that 引导的定语从句修饰先行词 story ,这部分翻译的时候,句序可以相对灵活一些。直接引语中主要的结构为 I am an exciting person... and I do it in style ,分词结构 gliding with... 充当方式状语。
词汇: glide 意为“滑行”。 with ease 意为“轻而易举地”。 posh 意为“豪华的”。 do sth. in style 意为“优雅地做某事”。
译文:例如,路易斯威登品牌手提箱告诉人们其主人想要向世界宣告:“我是个充满激情的人,轻而易举地就可以出入世界各地的豪华酒店,同时,我也会优雅地享受生活。”

29.\[ 精解 \] 本题考核的知识点是:让步状语从句。
主句是: Many people seek the serenity of the familiar ,其中 familiar 为形容词,前面加上定冠词 the ,表示具有同等特质的一类事物,这里的意思为“熟悉的事物”。该句最大的难点在于 be it the bistros of Paris or small  town life in the United States ,该句为让步状语从句,没有省略的时候全句为 whether it is the bistros of Paris or small  town life in the United States ,进一步修饰 the familiar 。
词汇 : serenity 意为“安宁”。 bistros 意为“小酒馆或夜总会”。
译文 :在瞬息万变的时代,许多人从他们熟悉的事物中寻找宁静,不论这些熟悉的事物是巴黎的小酒馆还是美国的小镇生活。

30 . \[ 精解 \] 本题考核的知识点是:让步状语从句、不定式做定语、定语从句。
句子的主要结构为 While..., they can highlight their involvement... and market to their customers  need ... 。 while 引起让步状语从句,在主句中, to their customers  need 中介词 to 实际上相于当 according to... ,不定式 to make purchases that are in line with their convictions 为定语,修饰 need ,其中 that 引导定语从句修饰先行词 purchases 。
词汇 : be reluctant to do 意为“不愿”。 involvement in 意为“参与、投入”。 in line with 意为“符合”。 conviction 意为“信念”。
译文 :尽管许多公司也许不愿意变得太具政治色彩,但它们可以强调自己参与社区和市场以满足顾客希望购买符合自己信念的产品的需求。

全文翻译
哥本哈根未来研究学院院长洛夫·简森曾说,商业的未来不在于销售产品,而在于出售梦想和情感。简森在他的新书《梦想社会》中,描绘了六种各不相同的“情感市场”并欢迎工商企业一并考虑如何从中牟取最大利润。

“探险市场”向消费者提供非洲野外观兽旅行,主题公园,体育运动以及动作片或冒险剧。

耐克与探险市场的密切联系,使其心甘情愿地拿出四亿美金,目的仅仅为了获得巴西顶尖国家足球队的赞助权,继而提高了它作为“冠军穿的鞋”的品牌形象。 (26) 在一个市场里,消费者会发现许多特征、质量不相上下的产品,这就必须找到某个理由从中选择一样产品而舍弃其他,在这样的市场里,这项投资就合情合理了。

“爱情、友情及友爱情谊市场”向消费者提供香水、礼物、家庭摄影、餐馆及娱乐服务。

(27) 在开发“友爱情感”市场的过程中,吉尼斯啤酒厂与一家爱尔兰公司合作,在世界各大城市设立了一系列“正宗”爱尔兰酒吧。在那里,爱尔兰魅力和英国啤酒相得益彰,酒吧生意异常兴隆。 在法国,越来越多的一些名为 Cafes Philos 的当地小酒馆现在都聘请了训练有素的哲学家,他主持并引导顾客就一些复杂的问题进行长时间(因而也使人口干舌燥)的辩论,辩论的话题涉及道德、时间的性质、人类与自然的关系,等等。

“关爱市场”近来推出一款产品,该产品激起了了儿童抚养照顾宠物的兴趣。拓麻歌子是一只要求甚高的电子小狗、小猫,或者甚至是外星人,它们“哔哔”地叫着要求主人的照管。在一些地方,活生生的宠物已慢慢成为旅店的服务设施。

“我是谁市场”向人们提供一些能够表明主人身份的产品,如时装、汽车和装饰品。 (28) 例如,路易斯威登品牌手提箱告诉人们其主人想要向世界宣告:“我是个充满激情的人,轻而易举地就可以出入世界各地的豪华酒店,同时,我也会优雅地享受生活。”

“心灵平静市场”以怀旧、历史和古董类产品为特征。

(29) 在瞬息万变的时代,许多人从他们熟悉的事物中寻找宁静,不论这些熟悉的事物是巴黎的小酒馆还是美国的小镇生活 。例如,布鲁金斯第一国民银行曾表态,“我们在紧跟不断发展变化的科技时代的节拍的同时,也在不遗余力地保持小镇银行业的氛围。”

六种情感市场中的最后一种,“信仰市场”,向人们提供绿色产品,人道的考验以及工人的福利等。

(30) 尽管许多公司也许不愿意变得太具政治色彩,但它们可以强调自己参与社区和市场以满足顾客希望购买符合自己信念的产品的需求。 未来分析家约翰·奈斯比特将这种市场趋势称为“目标营销”;采用这种营销策略的公司还有英国石油公司和美国埃克森—美孚公司。英国石油公司利用公司的网站不断向消费者报导它们公司的“社区发展规划”;美孚公司一再强调对与其有生意往来国家的当地人口问题的忧虑。“它们视自己为社会的中流砥柱,”简森说道。
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发表于 2008-5-9 14:03:38 |只看该作者

考研英语阅读理解:生命进化历史

Between 5,000 million and 4,000 million years ago the Earth was formed. By 3,000 million years ago life had arisen and we have fossils of microscopic bacterialike creatures to prove it. (21) ————. Nobody knows what happened, but theorists agree that the key was the spontaneous arising of selfreplicating entities, i.e. something equivalent to “genes” in the general sense.

The atmosphere of the early Earth probably contained gases still abundant today on other plas in the solar system. Chemists have experimentally reconstructed these ancientconditions in the laboratory. If plausible gases are mixed in a flask with water, and energy is added by an electric discharge (simulated lightning), organic substances are spontaneously synthesized. These include the building blocks of RNA and DNA. It seems probable that something like this happened on the early Earth. Consequently, the sea would have become a “soup” of prebiological organic compounds. (22)————.

Today the most famous selfreplicating molecule is DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid), but it is widely thought that DNA itself could not have been present at the origin of life because its replication is too dependent on support from specialized machinery, which could not have been available before evolution itself began. DNA has been described as a “hightech” molecule which probably arose some time after the origin of life itself. Perhaps the related molecule RNA, which still plays various vital roles in living cells, was the original selfreplicating molecule. Or perhaps the primordial replicator was a different kind of molecule altogether. (23) ————. Variants that were particularly good at replication would automatically have come to predominate in the primeval soup. Varieties that did not replicate, or that did so inaccurately, would have become relatively less numerous. This led to everincreasing efficiency among replicating molecules.

As the competition between replicating molecules warmed up, success must have gone to the ones that happened to hit upon special tricks or devices for their own selfpreservation and their own rapid replication. The rest of evolution may be regarded as a continuation of the natural selection of replicator molecules, now called genes, by virtue of their capacity to build for themselves efficient devices (cells and multicellular bodies) for their own preservation and reproduction. (24)————.

Fossils were not laid down on more than a small scale until the Cambrian era, nearly 600 million years ago. The first vertebrates may date back 530 million years, according to fossil evidence—primitive, jawless fishes with fins, gills, and fishlike muscle patterns—found in China in 1999. Vertebrates appear abundantly in fossil beds between 300 and 400 million years ago. (25)————. Mammals and, later, birds, arose from two different branches of reptiles. The rapid divergence of mammals into the rich variety of types that we see today, from opossums to elephants, from anteaters to monkeys, seems to have been unleashed into the vacuum left by the catastrophic extinction of the dinosaurs, 65 million years ago.

\[A\] Among vertebrates, the land was first colonized by lobefinned and lungbearing fish about 250 million years ago, then by amphibians and, in more thoroughgoing fashion, by various kinds of animals that we loosely lump together as “reptiles”.

\[B\] Once selfreplicating molecules had been formed by chance, something like Darwinian natural selection could have begun: variation would have come into the population because of random errors in copying.

\[C\] It is not enough, of course, that organic molecules appeared in the primeval soup. The crucial step, as noted above, was the origin of selfreplicating molecules, molecules capable of copying themselves.

\[D\] Although we naturally emphasize the evolution of our own kind—the vertebrates, the mammals, and the primates—these constitute only a small branch of the great tree of life.

\[E\]When the environment changes, or when organisms move to a different environment, different variations are selected, leading eventually to different species. Harmful mutations usually die out quickly, so they dont interfere with the process of beneficial mutations accumulating.

\[F\] Three thousand million years is a long time, and it seems to have been long enough to have produced such astonishingly complex contrivances as the vertebrate body and the insect body.

\[G\]Some time between these two dates—independent molecular evidence suggests about 4,000 million years ago—that mysterious event, the origin of life, must have occurred.[748 words]

核心词汇
by/in virtue of 凭借(某种手段);由于,因为 例:He was exempt from charges by virtue of his youth/of being so young.他因年幼而获得免费. / She became a British citizen by virtue of her marriage.她借助婚姻成了英国公民。

extinction n. [U] *①(物种)灭绝,绝种 例:be threatened with extinction濒临灭绝 ②(信仰、生活方式等)遭毁灭,消失,消亡

hit on/upon ① (经长时间考虑后)突然想出(好主意) 例:In this way we hit upon over 20 useful methods of work.就这样我们想出了20多种有用的工作方法。 *② 偶然发现(某物) 例: At last she hit upon a room that suited them nicely.最后她找到了一间适合他们使用的房间。

in more thoroughgoing fashion以更彻底的方式;in a... fashion以……方式 例:Leave the building in an orderly fashion.要有秩序地走出楼去。

interfere with *① 妨碍,打扰 例:Dont allow pleasure to interfere with duty.不要让娱乐妨碍了职责。 ② 干扰(广播或电视播送)

lay down ① 放下(武器等) 例:The general told the troops to lay down their arms.将军命令部队放下武器。 ② [常用被动态](正式地或坚决地)阐述,声明,规定 例:It is laid down that all applicants must sit a written exam.根据规定, 申请者一律需经笔试。 ③ 开始建造;开始做(奠基性的工作) 例:Crick and Watson laid down the foundations of modern geic research.克里克和沃森为现代遗传学研究奠定了基础。 *④ (化石、地层等的)沉积形成

超纲词汇
anteater n.食蚁兽, 食蚁动物
contrivance n. *① 发明,发明物,发明的才能 ② 计谋,诡计
DNA 脱氧核糖核酸,deoxyribonucleic acid的缩写,指细胞核内携带基因信息的物质,具有双螺旋结构
gill n. *① 鱼鳃 ② (蘑菇或其他菌类的)菌褶
lobe n. *① (生物身体上的)肉垂,圆形的突出物 ② (=earlobe)耳垂 ③ (尤指脑、肺等的)叶
mutation n.(动物、植物的)突变,变异
opossum n. 尾有卷握力的小有袋动物,负鼠
primeval a. *① 太古的,太初的(地球或宇宙存在的最早期) ② 原始的,远古的 例:a primeval forest一片原始森林
primordial a. *① 太古的,太初的,自原始时代的 例:primordial soup原生浆液(地球上生命开始之前存在的物质、气体等混合物) ② 形式最简单的,基本的 例:primordial passions最基本的情感
RNA 核糖核酸,ribonucleic acid的缩写,指存在于生物细胞以及部分病毒、类病毒中的遗传信息载体,将DNA携带的遗传信息转移至蛋白质中,并参与其他细胞内的化学反应
selfreplicating a. 自我复制的
synthesized a. ① 组合的,综合的 *② 人工合成的
vertebrate n. 脊椎动物

长难句分析
Today the most famous selfreplicating molecule is DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid), but it is widely thought that DNA itself could not have been present at the origin of life because its replication is too dependent on support from specialized machinery, which could not have been available before evolution itself began.
该句是一个由but连接的并列句。前一个分句较简单,主干为The most famous selfreplicating molecule is DNA... 。后一个分句结构复杂,嵌套了多层从句,其主干是it is widely thought that...;it为形式主语,真主语是that引导的从句;because引导了一个较长的原因状语从句,其中又嵌套了which...非限定性定语从句做 machinery 的后置定语;from... 介词短语后置修饰support。

语篇分析
本文的选材领域是生命科学。作者介绍了自我复制分子在生命起源与动物进化中的重要作用。它是一篇事理说明文,大体按照时间顺序展开介绍。全文总计五段,可分成三大部分。
全文的写作顺序:第一至三段主要围绕生命起源的关键:自我复制分子展开介绍;第四段是过渡段,指出从自我复制分子到复杂生物体的出现,自然选择发挥了关键作用。第五段围绕脊椎动物的进化过程展开介绍。因此作者大体按照时间先后顺序安排全文内容。
一、第一至三段为第一部分,介绍生命起源的关键是自我复制分子的出现。
第一段内容概括:前三句利用时间线索从地球的形成(the Earth was formed)和生命的兴起(life had arisen),引出生命的起源(the origin of life)这一话题。第三句([G])起承上启下的作用,其中these two dates回指上文提到的两个时间;the origin of life与下文末句中的“关键是自我复制实体即基因的出现(the key was the spontaneous arising of selfreplicating entities)”在内容上相呼应。末句提出了全文论述的对象——自我复制实体。
连贯性:前三句句首的时间状语(分别为between 5,000 million and 4,000 million years ago, by 3,000 million years ago, some time between these two dates)相互呼应,是段内句子间连贯性的明显体现。
第二段内容概括:通过介绍生命起源的模拟实验,说明自我复制分子出现的条件。该段内容分为两个部分。第一部分是前四句,围绕“生命起源实验”展开论述。首句指出了进行实验的条件:原始地球大气中的气体现在仍然存在(the atmosphere of the early Earth contained gases still abundant today)。二至四句具体介绍化学家模拟原始大气状况进行生命起源的实验(reconstructed these ancient conditions in the laboratory),包括实验的材料(gases, water, energy)和结果(organic substances are synthesized)。第二部分是后四句,介绍自我复制分子的出现。第五、六句推理原始地球上出现了模拟实验中发生的情况(something like this happened on the early Earth):原始海洋成为生命起源以前有机化合物汇集的地方(a “soup” of prebiological organic compounds)。第七、八句([C])转折指出,但更重要的不是有机分子的产生,而是自我复制分子的出现(the origin of selfreplicating molecules)。末句中的selfreplicating molecules与第一段末句中的selfreplicating entities是同一主题词的复现,达到语篇上下衔接。
连贯性:① 同义复现关系和代词的使用是段内连贯性的体现。同义词复现:early与ancient;organic substances、organic compounds和organic molecules;a soup of... 与the primeval soup。第四句中these指代上文提到的organic substances。② 本段末句中the crucial step、selfreplicating molecules分别与第一段末句中的the key和selfreplicating entities是同义复现关系。跨越不同段落的同义复现关系是段落间连贯性的体现。③ 表假设的if是句内连贯性的体现。表结果的consequently是句与句之间的衔接手段。第七句承上启下,保证段内句子间的连贯性。末句引出下一段对自我复制分子起源的介绍,保证段与段之间的连贯性。
第三段内容概括:介绍最初的自我复制分子以及自然选择法则。该段内容也分为两个部分。第一部分是前四句,承接上段末句内容,讨论最初的自我复制分子是什么。前两句排除DNA并分析原因(DNA itself could not have been present at the origin of life because...)。第三、四句是并列关系,指出可能是RNA或其他类型的分子(Perhaps the related molecule RNA, or perhaps a different kind of molecule)。第二部分是后四句,介绍自然选择对于自我复制分子的作用。第五句([B])是过渡句,指出自然选择法则伴随着自我复制分子而出现(once... Darwinian natural selection could have begun);第六、七句是并列关系,说明自然选择法则的过程(variants that were good at replication... varieties that did not replicate or did so inaccurately...);末句总结自然选择的结果是提高了复制分子的效率(everincreasing efficiency)。
连贯性:① 同义词、上下义词的使用、关键词重复出现和呼应现象是段内连贯性的体现。DNA, selfreplicating molecule,molecule, origin of life这些相关词反复出现。DNA和RNA是selfreplicating molecule的同义词。replicating, replication, replicator, copying相互呼应。variant和varieties是同义词。variation与上述两个词相呼应。② 转折连词but、选择连词or也是连贯性的体现。

二、第四段为第二部分,承上启下,指出动物进化过程是自然选择的延续。
内容概括:作者按时间先后顺序安排本段内容,对自然选择过程作进一步解释说明:它存在于自我复制分子的进化以及其后的整个生物进化过程中。首句承接上段末句内容,指出在复制分子的竞争(即,最初的自然选择过程)中,那些具有自我保存和迅速自我复制能力的分子获胜(success must have gone to the ones that happened to...)。第二句句首的the rest of evolution提示本句谈论的是后来的生物进化过程,指出它是自我复制分子自然选择的延续(a continuation of the natural selection of replicator molecules)。第三句谈到复杂生物体的出现是动物长期进化的结果(long enough to have produced complex contrivances)。
连贯性:同义复现关系、关键词重复和代词的使用保证了本段的连贯性。replicating molecules和replicator molecules是同义词复现;首句中的ones指代上文出现的replicating molecules;devices出现两次;第一句中for their own selfpreservation and their own rapid replication与第二句中for their own preservation and reproduction也是同义复现关系。

三、第五段为第三部分,介绍脊椎动物的进化历史。
内容概括:作者按时间先后顺序,介绍脊椎动物的进化历史:最早的脊椎动物出现(the first vertebrates)→脊椎动物大量出现(appear abundantly)→有圆形鳍和肺的鱼出现(lobefinned and lungbearing fish)→两栖动物和爬行动物出现(amphibians and reptiles)→哺乳动物和鸟类从爬行动物分化出来(mammals and birds)→哺乳动物的分支(rapid divergence of mammals),如:有袋动物、大象、食蚂动物、猴子等。
连贯性:按先后顺序出现的五个表时间的短语(nearly 600 million years ago, date back 530 million years, between 300 and 400 million years ago, about 250 million years ago, 65 million years ago)是段内句子间连贯性的体现。

试题精解
选项大意概括:
[A] 脊椎动物中首先是鱼,然后是两栖动物或爬行动物统治大陆。
[B] 一旦自我复制分子形成,达尔文自然淘汰就起作用了。
[C] 当然在有机汤里出现有机分子还不够,关键是自我复制分子的出现。
[D] 人类的进化只是一小部分。
[E] 变异受环境的影响,有害变异通常很快消亡,因此不影响有利变异的积累。
[F] 三十亿年是一段很长的时间,足够长来产生如有椎骨的身体和昆虫的身体这样令人惊异的复杂的发明。
[G] 两个时间之间独立分子的出现证明生命起源开始。

21.\[精解\] 答案G本题考核的知识点是:上下文内容的衔接+句子之间逻辑关系。
本题空格出现在第一段中。上文提到两个时间和两个事件:一是五十亿和四十亿年之间地球形成;二是三十亿年以前生命兴起,有用显微镜可见的像细菌一样的生物的化石来证明。下文则谈到没有人知道发生了什么。由于上文给出的是确定的说法,而下文讲述的是不确定的情况,因此空格处的内容应是出现的新现象,而且其出现的关键是下文提到的理论家认为的自我复制单位的自然出现。选项[B]、[C]中虽然都出现了下文中的关键词selfreplicating,但它们无法体现逻辑上的转折,即“由知道到不知道”。只有选项[G]提到了生命起源的概念,而没有具体论述,和下文逻辑上顺接自然,此外其中的some time between these two dates和上文的两个时间相互呼应。

22.\[精解\] 答案C本题考核的知识点是:上下文内容的衔接。
本题空格出现在第二段末,应承上启下。上文主要介绍了化学家们在实验室里创造与古代地球相同的大气和海洋,发现了有机物质的产生。从而猜测古代地球正是以这种方式形成了生命起源以前的“有机汤”。下文则开始介绍自我复制分子DNA和RNA。选项[B]、[C]都提到了自我复制分子,但选项[B]出现了上下文都没有的新信息:达尔文自然选择理论。而选项[C]是过渡句,前部分承上,指出仅仅在“原始汤”里出现有机分子是不够的;后部分启下,指出关键的步骤是自我复制分子的起源。实际上这和第一段末的内容也相呼应:理论家们认为自我复制单位的出现是生命起源的关键。

23.\[精解\] 答案B本题考核的知识点是:上下文内容的衔接+句子之间逻辑关系。
本题空格出现在段中。上文是对自我复制分子DNA和RNA的介绍,指出RNA更可能是最初的自我复制分子,当然也可能是其他种类的分子。下文指出,特别擅长复制的变异种类会自动地在原始“有机汤”中占主导地位。那些不复制的或不能精确复制的变种会相对地变得比较少。这导致了复制分子的效率不断增加。选项[B]、[E]出现下文中的关键词variations,但选项[E]谈论环境造成变异,而且还提到有害变异和有利变异,根本未提及上下文中的selfreplicating molecule。选项[B]提到达尔文进化自然选择理论,正是下文内容的综述。

24.\[精解\] 答案F本题考核的知识点是:上下文内容的衔接+时间逻辑关系。
本题空格出现在段末。上文提到,接下来的进化过程是复制分子(或称为基因)自然淘汰的继续:它们借助自我建立有效的部件(如:细胞和多细胞体)的能力来自我保存和复制。下文提到直到近六亿年以前的寒武纪时代(the Cambrian era)才确定化石小有规模。根据化石证据(1999年在中国发现的“海口鱼”化石)推知最早的脊椎动物可追溯到五亿三千万年前。由自我复制分子的自然淘汰到第一种脊椎动物的出现,之间肯定是漫长的进化过程。空格处内容应弥补这个信息空白。选项[A]超前提出了脊椎动物,[B]停留在自我复制分子的自我淘汰阶段,[C]是自我复制分子的出现,[D]提到了脊椎动物以后的哺乳动物甚至灵长目动物。[G]停留在生命起源。只有F提到,三十亿年的时间里,动物产生了有椎骨的身体,恰当地衔接了上下文。

25.\[精解\] 答案A本题考核的知识点是:上下文内容的衔接+时间逻辑关系。
本题空格出现在段中。上文提到脊椎动物的大量出现,下文提到哺乳动物和鸟类从爬行动物的两个分支中衍生出来。哺乳动物的迅速分支,又形成了今天我们见到的丰富的动物类型。之间有时间上的跨越。因此预测空格处应弥补这种信息上的空缺,即承接上文的脊椎动物的话题,又能够引出下文哺乳动物的内容。显然正确答案是选项[A],其中的reptiles在下文中也出现。

全文翻译
在距今约五十亿和四十亿年之间地球形成。到了三十亿年以前生命早已兴起,我们有用显微镜可见的像细菌一样的生物化石来证明这一点。在这两个时间之间的某个时候——独立的分子证据显示大约是在四十亿年前——神秘的事件,即生命的起源肯定已经开始了。([G])没人知道发生了什么,但是理论家认为关键是自我复制实体(也就是一般意义上的“基因”)的自然出现。

原始地球大气或许包含了今天在太阳系的其他行星上仍然含量丰富的气体。化学家已经用实验的方法在实验室里重建这些原始的情况。如果类似的各种气体在装有水的一个细颈瓶中被混合,而且通过放电来加入能源(模拟了原始的闪电),有机的物质就自然地被合成了。这些有机物中包括RNA 和 DNA 的砌块。看起来类似的事情曾经发生在原始地球上。结果是,原始海洋可能变成了生命起源以前的有机化合物汇集的“一锅汤”。 当然,仅仅在“原始汤”里出现有机分子是不够的。正如以上所说的,决定性的步骤是自我复制分子的起源,即能够复制自身特征的分子。([C])

今天最有名的自我复制分子是 DNA(脱氧核糖核酸),但人们广泛认为DNA本身在生命起源之初不可能存在,因为它的复制太依赖专门的机制的支持,这在进化本身开始之前是不可能存在的。DNA已经被描述为可能是在生命自身起源之后某个时间出现的“高科技”分子。也许仍然在有生命的细胞中扮演各种不同重要角色的相关分子 RNA才是最初的自我复制分子;亦或许原始的复制者是一种完全不同类型的分子。一旦自我复制分子偶然形成,达尔文自然选择之类的法则可能就开始发挥作用了:群体中会因为复制时的偶然错误而产生变异。([B])特别擅长复制的变异种类会自动地在原始汤中占主导地位。那些不复制的变种或不能精确复制的变种会相对地变得比较少。一种分子的自然淘汰导致复制分子的效率不断提高。

当复制分子之间的竞争升温时,胜利一定属于那些刚好使用特别伎俩或装备来实现自我保存和迅速自我复制的分子。余下的进化过程可能被视为复制分子(现在称为基因)借助为自我保存和复制建立有效设备(细胞和多细胞体)的能力进行自然选择的继续。三十亿年是一段很长的时间,而且似乎已经足够长来产生如有椎骨的身体和昆虫的身体这样令人惊异的复杂的发明。([F])

化石直到近六亿年以前的寒武纪的时代才被确定小有规模。依照1999年在中国发现的化石证据——原始的无颚鱼,它有鳍、腮和像鱼一样的肌肉模式——第一批脊椎动物可追述到五亿三千万年前。在三、四亿年之间脊椎动物大量地出现在化石床中。在脊椎动物之中,土地首先被大约在二亿五千万年以前出现的长有圆形鳍和肺的鱼所占领,然后被两栖动物和更笼统地被我们称为“爬行动物”的各种不同类型的动物所占领。([A])哺乳动物,稍后是鸟类,从爬行动物的两个不同部门中分化出来。哺乳动物的迅速分支,形成了我们今天见到的丰富的类型,负鼠到大象,从食蚁兽到猴子,似乎瞬间充满了六千五百万年以前由于恐龙的悲惨灭绝而留下的真空世界。

备注:1999年我国科学家陈均远等人在昆明郊区发现的“海口鱼”化石,距今5.3亿年,它不但是地球上最早出现的鱼,而且是包括人类在内所有地球脊椎动物的最早祖先。比起原先被认为是脊椎动物鼻祖的文昌鱼,中国“海口鱼”把脊椎动物的起源时间向前推进了整整5000万年。美国一名学者将这一发现描述为“人类重塑地球生命史的一项惊人成就”。
业精于勤荒于嬉
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发表于 2008-5-9 14:04:10 |只看该作者
058.269 木鱼太敬业了。。。谢谢

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发表于 2008-5-9 14:05:40 |只看该作者

考研英语阅读理解:英国学业间断期

Talk to any parent of a student who took an adventurous gap year (a year between school and university when some students earn money, travel, etc.) and a misty look will come into their eyes. There are some disasters and even the most motivated, organised gap student does require family back-up, financial, emotional and physical. The parental mistiness is not just about the brilliant experience that has matured their offspring; it is vicarious living. We all wish preuniversity gap years had been the fashion in our day. We can see how much tougher our kids become; how much more prepared to benefit from university or to decide positively that they are going to do something other than a degree.

Gap years are fashionable, as is reflected in the huge growth in the number of charities and private companies offering them. Pictures of Prince William toiling in Chile have helped, but the trend has been gathering steam for a decade. The range of gap packages starts with backpacking, includes working with charities, building hospitals and schools and, very commonly, working as a language assistant, teaching English. With this trend, however, comes a danger. Once parents feel that a well-structured year is essential to their wouldbe undergraduates progress to a better university, a good degree, an impressive CV and well paid employment, as the gap companies blurbs suggest it might be, then parents will start organising—and paying for—the gaps.

Where there are disasters, according to Richard Oliver, director of the gap companies' umbrella organisation, the Year Out Group, it is usually because of poor planning. That can be the fault of the company or of the student, he says, but the best insurance is thoughtful preparation. “When people get it wrong, it is usually medical or, especially among girls, it is that they have not been away from home before or because expectation does not match reality.”

The point of a gap year is that it should be the time when the school leaver gets to do the thing that he or she fancies. Kids don't mature if mum and dad decide how they are going to mature. If the 18-year-old's way of maturing is to slob out on Hampstead Heath soaking up sunshine or spending a year working with fishermen in Cornwall, then thats what will be productive for that person. The consensus, however, is that some structure is an advantage and that the prime mover needs to be the student.

The 18-year-old who was dispatched by his parents at two weeks'notice to Canada to learn to be a snowboarding instructor at a cost of £5,800, probably came back with little more than a hangover. The 18-year-old on the same package who worked for his fare and spent the rest of his year instructing in resorts from New Zealand to Switzerland, and came back to apply for university, is the positive counterbalance. [502 words]

16. It can be inferred from the first paragraph that parents of gap students may____.
[A] help children to be prepared for disasters
[B] receive all kinds of support from their children
[C] have rich experience in bringing up their offspring
[D] experience watching children grow up

17. According to the text, which of the following is true?
[A] The popularity of gap years results from an increasing number of charities.
[B] Prince William was working hard during his gap year.
[C] Gap years are not as fashionable as they were ten years ago.
[D] A well-structured gap year is a guarantee of university success.

18. The word “packages” (Line 3, Para. 2) means________.
[A] parcels carried in traveling [B] a comprehensive set of activities
[C] something presented in a particular way [D] charity actions

19. What can cause the disasters of gap years?
[A] Intervention of parents. [B] Irresponsibility of the companies.
[C] A lack of insurance. [D] Low expectation.

20. An 18-year-old is believed to take a meaningful gap year when he/she.________
[A] lives up to his/her parents'expectations
[B] spends time being lazy and doing nothing
[C] learns skills by spending parents'money
[D] earns his or her living and gains working experience

核心词汇
at two weeksnotice 提前两周通知;at short(a moments) notice随时,提前很短时间通知 例:We are ready to start at short notice.我们已准备好,接到通知就可以出发。
backup n./ a. *① 支援(者),支持(者) ② 备用品 例:a backup plan/system/pilot备用计划/备用系统/候补飞行员
back up ① 支持(某人),证实(某说法) ② 备份,复制(磁盘) ③ 向后移动
counterbalance n./v. 平衡,抗衡;平衡抵消物; counter 前缀,表示“相反的,相对的”如 counterattack v. 回击,counterpart n. 地位、职务等相当的人,对等物
look up ① 抬头看 ② 尊敬,仰望 例:look up to sb. as ones teacher把某人尊为老师 *③ (形势等)好转 例:Things are looking up now.情况正在好转。 ④ (在字典、参考书等中)查寻 例:look up a word in a dictionary在字典中查一个词
package n. ① 包,盒,袋 *② a set of related things or services sold or offered together(必须整体接受的)一套,一揽子 例:a benefits package 一套福利措施 / an aid package 综合援助计划 / package deal 一揽子交易
pick up ① 拾起,拿起 例: pick up the phone拿起话筒 ② (偶然、无意地)获得(收益、知识、消息等) pick up a tip from my mother 从妈妈那学到一个窍门 ③ 接收(讯号),收听(广播等)例:pick up the BBC World Service 接收英国广播公司国际广播节目 *④ (情况等)好转,改进 例:Trade is picking up nicely.生意很有起色。
structure n. ① 结构,构造,体系 *② a situation in which everything is carefully organized and planned组织性,条理性 例: Kids need some sort of structure to their day. 儿童的日常生活需要有点条理性。vt. 构造;组织;安排 例:You need to structure your arguments more carefully.你需要更仔细地组织好自己的论据。/ well structured精心组织的,安排周密的
umbrella organization an organization that includes many smaller groups伞状机构、组织

超纲词汇
a gap year (中学和大学之间)学业间断的一年,间断年
backpack v.背包旅行 例:go backpacking n.背包
blurb n. ① (印在书籍封套上的)简介 *② 夸大的广告或介绍词
hangover n. 遗留的感觉(或风俗、习惯等)(常后跟介词from) 例:the insecure feeling that was a hangover from her childhood 她儿时留下的不安全感
slob n. 懒惰而邋遢的人 *vi. slob out/around游手好闲,无所事事
toil n.辛苦,劳累;苦活,难事 例:some books are a toil to read.有些书读起来真费劲。 v.苦干,辛苦从事(于……) 例:toil at/on ones task辛苦工作
vicarious a. ① 代理的,代表的;代理人的 例:vicarious authority代理的职权 *② (想象别人的苦乐等而)产生同感或共鸣的 例:He got a vicarious thrill out of watching his son score the winning goal.他看到儿子射入致胜一球时,也同样感到欣喜若狂。

语篇分析
本文题材涉及青少年教育。作者介绍了现在十分时兴的“学业间断年”现象,先分析它存在的问题,然后提出实现一个有意义的学业间断年的方法。这是一篇现象解释型文章,按照“提出现象—解释现象—提出建议”的脉络展开论述,可以分成三大部分。
第一段为第一部分,提出现象,引入话题。
以父母为切入点,间接提出一种现象:学业间断年。一方面,由于学业间断年存在着危机,家庭需要给予孩子各方面的支持。另一方面,父母从孩子身上感受到了一种新的生活方式(vicarious living),他们看到孩子们①变得更坚强(become tougher);②为大学生活作了更充分的准备(more prepared to benefit from university);③打算做除了获得学历之外的事情(do something other than a degree)。
第二、三段为第二部分,解释现象,分析学业间断年现象的现状及存在的问题。
第二段:内容上分成了两个部分。第一部分指出学业间断年现在很流行,其表现是:组织团体和公司增多。其原因是:①威廉王子的宣传效应;②经过十年的发展声势逐渐强大。第二部分从with this trend, however... 开始,指出学业间断年的潜在问题之一:父母干预孩子的成长。其具体表现为:父母组织并资助间断年期间的活动(start organizing and paying for the gaps)。其原因是:受公司宣传的影响,以为这个阶段对孩子未来的学业和就业都非常重要。
第三段:延续第二段后面部分的内容,引用专家(Richard Oliver)的观点,指出学业间断年存在的第二大问题:缺乏周密的计划(poor planning)。其表现是:健康问题、从未离开过家、期望与现实不符。解决方法:做好审慎的准备(thoughtful preparation)。
第四、五段为第三部分,提出建议,即让年轻人自己来组织和安排学业间断年。
第四段:首先提出要让学业间断年具有意义,就应该让年轻人独立地做自己喜欢做的事情(the school leaver gets to do the thing that he or she fancies)。接着从反面论证父母的安排不利于孩子真正成熟,该部分举了两个例子说明。最后再次重申,行动的安排者应该是学生自己。
第五段列举了两个例子,比较度过学业间断年的两种不同方式——由父母安排或者自己独立安排,从而支持了第四段的观点。

试题命制分析
针对上文的分析,我们可以命制以下几种题型,从而考查考生的多种阅读技能。

1. 事实细节题
(1) 针对第一段可以考查父母在学业间断年的收获,参见考试题16;也可以间接考查孩子们在学业间断年的收获,如:以下哪项是经历学业间断年的学生产生的变化?[A] 更成熟、更坚强;[B] 就业目的更明确;[C] 更轻松地完成大学学业;[D] 与父母之间关系更融洽。(答案:[A])
(2) 可以考查学业间断年一般从事的活动,如,以下哪项不是学业间断年做的事情?[A] 修建学校;[B] 远途旅行;[C] 教学工作;[D] 慈善捐款。(答案:[D])
(3) 针对第二段“学业间断年时兴的原因”和“父母主动安排学业间断年的原因”考查因果细节。另外,由于第二段涉及细节较多,也可以综合考查,参见试题17。
(4) 综合第二段和第三段,可以综合考查学业间断年出现的问题,参见试题19。

2. 推理引申题
(1) 根据第一段倒数第二句We all wish... ,可以考查推理家长们看待学业间断年的态度。如:[A] 积极支持;[B] 坚决反对;[C] 不明确;[D] 既不支持也不反对。(答案:[A])
(2) 针对第二段有关威廉王子的例子,可以考查推理作者的写作意图。
(3) 针对最后一段的两个例子,可以考查推理作者举例的目的,也可以考查推理作者认为实现有意义的学业间断年的方法。参见试题20。

3. 语言知识题。
(1) 考查第一段超纲词vicarious在上下文中的含义。
(2) 考查第二段packages一词的熟词僻义。参见试题18。

试题精解
16.从第一段可推知经历学业间断年的学生的父母可能——。
[A] 帮助孩子准备迎接灾难
[B] 从孩子那里得到各种支持
[C] 在抚养孩子方面有丰富的经验
[D] 经历了看着孩子成长的过程

[精解] 答案D本题考查推理引申。第一段论述了经历学业间断年的孩子的父母的感受,包括两个方面:一是由于这个时期的学生需要家庭从经济上、情感上和体力上给予帮助,因此父母可能有帮助孩子成熟起来的美好经历;二是父母间接的感受,即看着孩子们变得更坚强,自己做决定,从而成长。由此可知,[D]项是父母可能经历的。[A]项中出现了原文中的disaster,但含义不同。第一段第二句中disasters指的是“困难,危机”,是下文提到的“孩子需要家庭给予帮助”造成的。[B]项与第一段第二句含义相反。第三句提到,父母有帮助孩子成熟起来的美好经历,而非[C]项中的rich experience(经验丰富)。

17.根据文章,下面哪个说法正确?
[A] 学业间断年的普及是因为慈善机构数目的增长造成的。
[B] 威廉王子在他的学业间断年期间努力工作。
[C] 现在学业间断年不像十年前那样普及了。
[D] 一个精心安排的学业间断年是大学成功的保证。

[精解] 答案B本题考查事实细节。第二段首句提到,学业间断年现在很时兴,反映在提供它们的慈善团体和私人公司的数目呈巨额增长。[A]项错在将表现归为原因。第二句提到,威廉王子在智利吃苦的事情(对间断年的流行)发挥了作用。由此可推出[B]项正确。第三句提到,(间断年普及的)趋势十年来一直在加强。因此排除[C]项。第二段后半部分谈到“学业间断年的时兴”带来的隐患,即一些父母相信公司的介绍,认为精心安排的间断年对于孩子未来的求学、就业都很重要。因此[D]项是一些公司的宣传及部分家长的错误看法。

18.第二段第三行的单词packages的含义是——。
[A] 旅行中带的包裹
[B] 一套综合的活动
[C] 用特殊方式呈现出来的东西
[D] 慈善行动

[精解] 答案B本题考查词义。词义的确定依赖上下文。上文中gap一词多次出现,指“学业间断”,下文提到一系列活动,即背包旅行、和慈善团体一起工作、修建医院和学校、做语言助教教英语。因此gap packages指学业间断期间学生从事的多种活动。[D]项没有包括所有的活动,应选[B]项。

19.什么可能造成学业间断年出现问题?
[A] 父母的干预。 [B] 公司的不负责任。
[C] 没有保险。 [D] 期望过低。

[精解] 答案A第二段后半部分论述了随着学业间断年的普及而带来的一个隐患,即父母以为好的间断年可以决定孩子未来的的求学和就业,因此会主动安排孩子的间断年,甚至出钱。显然,这么做妨碍了孩子独立的成长。[A]项是造成问题的原因。第三段提到另外一个问题是计划不周,其表现有:健康问题(medical)、从未离开过家、期望与现实不符。[B]和[C]出现了原文中的词语company和insurance,但其含义与原文已有很大出入;文中只提到“期望与现实不符”,[D]中“过低”一词无从推知。

20.18岁的年轻人被认为度过了有意义的学业间断年,当他/她——。
[A] 达到父母的期望
[B] 无所事事
[C] 通过花父母的钱学会技能
[D] 自己谋生并获得工作经验

[精解] 答案D本题考查推理引申。第四段首句提到,学业间断年的意义在于它应该是离校生开始做自己喜欢做的事情的时候。第四段后面部分进一步进行阐述。由父母来决定孩子怎样成熟,并不能使孩子真正成熟。无所事事的行为也没有收获。行动的安排者应是学生自己。第五段举了两个截然不同的例子,前者遵照父母的安排,后者自食其力。因此,[D]项符合题意。

全文翻译
与度过了充满刺激的学业间断年的孩子的父母交谈,他们的眼神中会有一种含糊不清的东西。这一年中有一些危机,即使是目的明确、很有条理的学生,在间断年期间也需要家庭从经济上、情感上和体力上给予帮助。父母眼中的含糊不仅仅是因为让他们的孩子成熟起来的美好经历,也是因为他们自己间接感受到的生活方式。我们多希望大学前的间断年在我们那个时代就已经很时兴了。现在,我们能看着孩子们变得更坚强,更好地准备从上大学中有所收获或者积极地决定他们将做一些除了获得学历之外的事情。

学业间断年现在很时兴,这反映在提供它们的慈善团体和私人公司的数目呈巨额增长上。威廉王子在智利吃苦的照片发挥了作用,但这种趋势十年来一直在加强。学业间断年期间的一整套活动从背包旅行开始,包括和慈善团体一起工作,修建医院和学校,以及常见的做语言助教教英语。然而,随着这种趋势而来的也有危险。一旦父母相信那些学业间断年公司介绍的内容,认为精心安排的一个间断年对于想成为本科生的孩子进入更好的大学、获得高学历、得到令人印象深刻的简历和待遇良好的工作是至关重要的,那么他们就会开始组织并资助间断年期间的活动。

按照学业间断年公司综合机构“走出学业间断年团体”的负责人理查德•奥利弗埃的观点,出现问题往往是因为计划不周。他说,“这可能是公司或学生的责任,但是最保险的方法是作好审慎的准备。当人们把它搞砸时,往往是因为健康问题,尤其是女孩,因为她们从未离开过家,或者期望与现实不符”。

学业间断年的意义在于它应该是离校生开始做自己喜欢做的事情的时候。如果由父母来决定孩子怎样成熟,那么他们不会真地变成熟。如果18岁时变成熟的方式是在伦敦汉普斯泰德石南园中无所事事地晒太阳,或者花上一年时间和康沃尔郡的渔夫一起工作,那么对于后者来说将是有所收获的。然而,多数人还是认为进行某种安排是有利的,而且行动的安排者应是学生自己。

如果18岁的年轻人两周前得到父母的通知,被送去加拿大花5,800英镑学习成为一名滑雪教练,回来后可能只会留下很少的感觉。同样的18岁的年轻人,先通过工作赚钱,再用一年中剩下的时间在从新西兰到瑞士的多个避暑胜地执教,回来后申请大学,这样的经历则是完全不同的积极的做法。
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联盟帅男 当天发帖大王 论坛功臣 联盟感动人物 年度发帖冠军 新年勋章 论坛人气之最 法硕智多星 优秀版主 论坛大佬 优秀超级版主 联盟之星 论坛元老 论坛元勋 爱心大使 终身成就 法硕答疑荣誉勋章

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发表于 2008-5-9 14:07:16 |只看该作者

考研英语阅读理解:广告业是美国经济的晴雨表

When Rupert Murdoch sees beams of light in the American advertising market, it is not necessarily time to reach for the sunglasses. Last October, when the impact of September 11th was only beginning to tell, the boss of NewsCorp, a media group, had already identified “strong rays of sunshine”. With ad sales still languishing, Mr. Murdoch declared last month that “there are some hints of a modest upswing in the U.S. advertising markets.” His early optimism turned out to be misplaced. Now, however, other industry observers are beginning to agree with him.

Advertising usually exaggerates the economic cycle: falling sharply and early in a downturn, and rebounding strongly once the economy has begun to recover. This is because most managers prefer to trim their ad budgets rather than their payrolls, and restore such spending only once they feel sure that things are looking up. Last year, America's ad market shrank by 9.8%, according to CMR, a research firm. Although ad spending has not yet recovered across all media, some analysts now expect overall ad spending to start to grow in the third quarter.

The signs of improvement are patchy, however. Ad spending on radio and television seems to be inching up—advertising on American national radio was up 2% in January on the same period last year, according to Aegis—while spending on magazines and newspapers is still weak. Even within any one market, there are huge differences; just pick up a copy of one of the now-slimline high-tech magazines that once bulged with ads, and compare it with the hefty celebrity or women's titles. Advertisers in some categories, such as the travel industry, are still reluctant to buy space or airtime, while others, such as the car and movie businesses, have been bolder. The winter Olympics, held last month in Salt Lake City, has also distorted the spending on broadcast advertising in the first quarter.

Noheless, there is an underlying pattern. One measure is the booking of ad spots for national brands on local television. By early March, according to Mr. Westerfield's analysis, such bookings were growing fast across eight out of the top ten advertising sectors, led by the financial and motor industries. UBS Warburg now expects the “upfront” market, which starts in May when advertisers book advance ad spots on the TV works for the new season in September, to be up 4% on last year. On some estimates, even online advertising could pick up by the end of the year.[419 words]

11. What does the author mean by “it is not necessarily time to reach for the sun glasses” (Para.1)?
[A] The sunshine is not terribly strong.
[B] It is not good time to develop advertising.
[C] There is no need to worry about economy now.
[D] The real economic recovery has yet to take place.

12. Mr. Murdoch's early market estimation seems to be_________ .
[A] exaggerating the situation
[B] being too cautious
[C] underestimating the development
[D] probably describing the reality

13. Which of the following is true according to the text?
[A] Advertising is a sensitive marker of economic change.
[B] Managers will first cut salary during economic downturn.
[C] CMR was wrong about last year's U.S. ad market.
[D] Advertising spending has started overal growing.

14. Signs of improvement are visible in the advertising of______.
[A] high-tech magazines and sports industry
[B] celebrity magazines and travel industry
[C] women's magazines and car industry
[D] movie industry and high-tech magazines

15. What is the author's view of the prospect of U.S. advertising market?
[A] Recovery will be slow but sure.
[B] There will be a big jump.
[C] Patchy improvement will occur.
[D] The situation will remain pessimistic.

核心词汇
inch n. 英寸(长度单位,等于2.54厘米) vt.&vi. to move very slowly in a particular direction, or make sth. do this(使朝某方向)谨慎移动 例:I started inching forward along the ledge towards the open window. 我沿着窗台缓慢挪向开着的窗子。

misplaced a. ① 放错地方的;(因记不起放在何处而)丢失的 *② (情感等)错置的;不适宜的 例:misplaced confidence/optimism/fear不应有的信心/乐观精神/恐惧;mis 前缀,表示“不好的;错误的”,如 misunderstand误解,misconception错误观念

patchy a. ① 补缀的,多补丁的 ② 零散的,分布不均的 例:patchy fog零星的雾 *③ 不完整的,不全面的;拼凑的 例:My knowledge of science is patchy.我的科学知识只是一鳞半爪。

spot n. [C] ① (圆)点;污渍,斑痕 例:spots of paints on the carpet地毯上的油漆斑 ② (尤指休闲的)地点,场所 例:Spain is our favorite holiday spot. 西班牙是我们喜欢的度假地点。*③ 广告插播 例:a 30second spot on the local radio station 地方广播台插播的30秒广告
vt. ① to notice sth., especially sth. that is difficult to see, or that you are looking for 看出,认出 例:Luckily, the enemy planes were spotted early.幸亏及早发现了敌机。 ② to recognize the good or bad qualities in sb. or sth. 发现(特性) 例:You must learn to spot trouble ahead and prevent it.你一定要学会预先发现问题并加以防止。
a.现货(即期)的;现付的 例:They wont take credit; they want spot cash.他们不赊账,他们要现钱。

title n. [C] ① (书籍、图画、戏剧等的)题目 *② 一本书 例:His novel was one of last years bestselling titles.他的小说是去年的畅销书之一。 ③ (用在人名前,表明地位或职业的)头衔,称号(如Sir,Mrs.,Dr);(工作的)职位 例:She has a title. 她有贵族头衔。/ Its an interactive feature that lets visitors key in job criteria such as location, title, and salary... 其特点是互动性,这样访问者可键入一些工作要求的关键词,如:地点、职位和薪水等……(2004考研阅读Text 1)

超纲词汇
bulge v./n. ① 凸出,鼓胀 *② 充满,塞满(后跟介词with) 例:His pocket was bulging with apples.他的口袋鼓鼓囊囊装满了苹果。
hefty a.* ① 很重的 ② 异常大的,多的 例:a hefty majority压倒多数
languish v. ① (植物等)凋萎 *② 失去活力,衰退
payroll n. ① [C] 在职人员工资表 例:be on/off the payroll被雇佣/解雇 ② [用单数] (公司)工资发放总额
slimline a. *① 式样小巧的;薄型的 ② 低糖的

长难句分析
UBS Warburg now expects the “upfront” market, which starts in May when advertisers book advance ad spots on the TV works for the new season in September, to be up 4% on last year.
该句主干是UBS Warburg now expects the “upfront” market... to be up 4% on last year。which引导非限定性定语从句,修饰名词market;在which引导的定语从句中,主干是which starts in May, when 引导的是定语从句,表时间,相当于in which advertisers... ,修饰May。

语篇分析
本文题材涉及广告经济。作者首先肯定了美国广告业的复苏,接着补充指出这种复苏的不平衡性以及存在的潜在模式。这是一篇观点论证型文章,按照“提出观点—论证观点—补充观点”的方式展开论述,可分为三大部分。
第一段为第一部分,提出观点:美国广告业即将复苏。
介绍新闻集团老总Rupert Murdoch对广告业状况的看法的转变:从去年认为是全面复苏(strong rays of sunshine),到最近认为只是中度复苏(a modest upswing)。该段用了一个比喻,把广告业的复苏比作阳光。最后两句通过评论Rupert Murdoch的观点,即,去年他的看法过于乐观,但现在业内观察家认同他的观点,从而引出作者的观点:现在美国广告业确实正在复苏。
第二段为第二部分,论证观点:美国广告业的复苏符合经济规律。
先论述一条经济规律:广告业是反映经济变化的灵敏标志(exaggerate the economic cycle),并分析其深层次的原因是:企业主在经济低迷期首先削减广告开支(trim their ad budgets),在经济复苏期马上增加广告投入。最后两句利用以上经济规律分析现状,从而得出结论:去年经济低迷,广告市场萎缩;今年经济复苏,广告业预计会全面复苏。
第三、四段为第三部分,补充观点:美国广告业的复苏是不平衡的。
第三段:首句以however为标志,对上文观点进行了轻微的转折,指出广告业务的好转并不平衡(The signs of improvement are patchy)。接着该段举例说明这种不平衡的两种表现形式:①行业之间的不平衡,如:广播和电视行业的广告增长比杂志和报纸行业高。②同一行业内部的不平衡(huge difference),如:高科技杂志的广告比名人或妇女杂志少;旅游栏目不如汽车和电影栏目受广告商青睐;运动赛事促进广告增多。
第四段:指出不平衡中存在的潜在模式(underlying pattern):①地方电台全国名牌的广告位的预定(the booking of ad spots for national brands on local television)迅速增长。段中引用专家(Mr. Westerfield)的分析和瑞银华宝(UBS Warburg)的预测对这种潜在模式进行了解释说明。②网络广告将增加。

试题命制分析
通过对文章的整体分析,我们可以从以下几个方面命题,考查考生的阅读理解能力。

1. 事实细节题
(1) 针对为什么广告业能够灵敏地反映经济变化,可以考查因果细节题。
(2) 第二段细节较多,可以综合考查,参见试题13。
(3) 全文围绕广告业展开,可以综合考查,如:下面哪一项正确?[A] 广告业是经济发展的关键;[B] 广告业是经济变化的晴雨表;[C] 广告业在各个行业中发展不均衡;[D] 地方电视台的广告业发展得更好。(答案:[B])
(4) 针对广告业好转的不平衡性,可以考查不同行业或同一行业里的例证,参见试题14。
(5) 针对最后一段,考查广告市场的潜在模式是什么。

2. 推理引申题
(1) 针对第一段最后两句His early optimism... beginning to agree with him,可以考查推理两句话的潜在含义,参见试题12。也可以针对“早期的乐观”出题,如:early optimism指Rupert Murdoch估计。[A] 广告经济全面复苏;[B] 9.11事件的影响减弱;[C] 媒体经济发展前景光明;[D] 业内人士赞同他的观点。(答案:[A])
(2)可以考查第二段最后两句的潜在含义,如:从第二段最后两句可以推知什么?[A] 经济分析家与调查公司意见产生分歧;[B] 今年美国经济较去年有所增长;[C] 企业主已经大量增加广告开支;[D] 分析家忽视经济发展的一般规律。(答案:[B])

3. 作者态度题
纵观全文,考查作者是怎样看待广告行业的前景的,参见试题15。又如:[A] 肯定的;[B] 否定的;[C] 中立的;[D] 复杂的。(答案:[A])

4. 词义句意题
针对第一段的比喻论证,可以考查短语beams of light和strong rays of sunshine以及句子It is not necessarily time to reach for the sunglasses在文中的具体含义,参见试题11。

试题精解
11. 作者说it is not necessarily time to reach for the sun glasses的含义是____。
[A] 阳光不是特别强烈 [B] 发展广告业还不是好时候
[C] 现在没有必要担忧经济 [D] 真正的经济复苏还没有开始

[精解] 答案D本题考查句子含义。下文提到,默多克先生宣布“美国广告市场有中度复苏的迹象”。由此可知,第一句话实际上是一个暗喻:当鲁珀特•默多克看到美国广告市场上的光芒时(比喻市场有了些许复苏的迹象),拿太阳镜还为时过早(比喻广告市场还没有全面复苏)。 [D]项正确揭示了这层意思,是正确答案。

12. 默多克先生对市场先前的估计现在看来____。
[A] 夸张了情况 [B] 过于谨慎
[C] 低估了发展 [D] 可能描述了真实的情况

[精解] 答案D本题考查推理引申。由第一段可知,去年十月,这位新闻集团的老总就已经认为是“强烈的阳光”(即广告市场开始真正复苏了)。但随着广告销售的衰退,他于上个月宣布只是“中度复苏的迹象”。该段最后两句提到,他先前的乐观看来是错了,然而,现在其他业内观察员却开始认同他的观点。可见,他的预测符合现在的真实情况。[D]项正确。

13. 根据文章,下面哪个选项是正确?
[A] 广告业是经济变化的敏感标志。
[B] 在经济低迷时期企业主会首先减薪。
[C] CMR对去年美国广告市场作出了错误判断。
[D] 广告开支已经开始全面增长。

[精解] 答案A本题考查第二段的事实细节。该段第一句指出,广告业的行情通常放大这样的经济规律:广告业在经济不景气的初期就明显下降,一旦经济开始复苏就迅猛回升。因此可推出[A]项正确。该段第二句分析其原因:经济不景气时,绝大多数企业主宁愿先削减广告开支而不愿意先减薪。由此排除[B]项。第三句提到CMR对美国广告市场的调查结果,但没有说明它的判断准确与否,因此排除[C]项。最后一句提到,分析家预测第三季度广告费会全面上升,因此[D]项错在“已经开始”。

14. 广告业务看涨的领域是_____。
[A] 高技术杂志和体育产业 [B] 名人杂志和旅游业
[C] 妇女杂志和汽车工业 [D] 电影行业和高科技杂志

[精解] 答案C本题考查事实细节。第三段第三句提到,即使在同一个行业里,(广告业务增长的情况)也会有巨大的差异。接着,该句将“高科技杂志”与“名人或妇女杂志”相比,指出前者曾经充斥着各种广告而现在却很薄,由此可推知,高科技杂志的广告少,妇女杂志的广告多,排除[A]和[D]项。该段第四句话提到,广告主对旅游栏目舍不得花钱,但对汽车和电影这样的栏目却从不犹豫。因此可排除[B]项。正确答案是[C]项。

15. 作者对美国广告市场前景的看法是什么?
[A] 虽然缓慢但肯定会复苏。 [B] 将会有一个较大的增长。
[C] 将会出现局部增长。 [D] 情况将会持续悲观。

[精解] 答案A本题考查作者观点。作者通篇以客观的口吻陈述美国广告市场行情的变化。9•11事件以后经济形势一直低迷,广告市场也一片惨淡。但是近来广告市场显示了复苏的微弱迹象:第二段倒数第二句话,“尽管根据调查去年广告市场萎缩了9.8%,但专家预测今年第三季度广告开支会有所增长。”第三段主要谈广告市场行情回升的不均匀性,有的领域形势很好,有的领域如旅游业广告仍然不景气。最后一段的例子说明电视、网络等媒体上的广告订单开始增加。总体看来,可见作者认为广告业在慢慢恢复。因此答案为[A]项。

全文翻译
当鲁珀特•默多克看到美国广告市场上反弹的光芒时,那光线还不够刺眼(戴太阳镜还为时过早)。去年十月,当9•11事件的影响刚刚开始显现出来时,这位新闻集团的老总就已经认为是“强烈的阳光”了。随着广告销售的衰退,鲁珀特•默多克先生上个月宣布“美国广告市场有中度复苏的迹象”。他先前看来是过于乐观了。然而,现在其他业内观察员却开始认同他的观点。

广告业的行情通常放大这样的经济周期:广告业在经济不景气的初期就明显下滑,一旦经济开始复苏就立刻反弹。这是因为经济不景气时,绝大多数企业主都宁愿削减广告开支而不愿意减薪,一旦感觉到经济形势有所回升他们就立刻又重新投入这些广告费用。根据美兰德媒体调查显示,去年美国的广告市场萎缩了9.8%。虽然广告费用的上升还没有在所有媒体中体现出来,但根据一些分析家的预测,今年第三季度广告费会全面上升。

然而,这些好转的迹象并不平衡。广播和电视广告费似乎在缓慢地上升——根据安吉斯的报道,美国国家广播的广告收入在一月份比去年同期上涨了2%——而报刊杂志的广告费依然很少。当然,即使在同一个行业里,也会有巨大的差异。比如拿一本曾经充斥着各种广告而现在显得很小巧的高科技杂志,与名人或女性娱乐杂志相比。广告主仍然不愿意在有些栏目如旅游栏目中买断版面或播放时间,而对汽车和电影这样的栏目却从不犹豫。上个月在盐湖城举办的冬奥会,也使第一季度的广播广告投资出现了异常的增多。

然而,这里存在着潜在的市场变化。表现之一是预定地方电视台的广告位宣传国家品牌。根据威斯特弗尔德先生的分析,三月初,前十名广告时段中有八个时段里这种预定在迅速增长,以金融和汽车业投资最多。瑞银华宝现在寄希望于“前瞻”市场,它会在5月启动,那时广告主们为九月份开始的新季度预订广告栏目,预计比去年增长4%。根据一些预测,网络广告到年底也会有起色
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发表于 2008-5-9 14:08:22 |只看该作者

考研英语阅读理解:未来汽车

You slip the key into the ignition and crank the engine to life. But before you put the car into gear, you tap a key on the keyboard mounted by the steering wheel, and your newest email flashes up on the windscreen.

This seductive satyr is what you get when you cross a car and a computer. Dubbed the “work vehicle”, or -mobile, it may soon come to a driveway near you (probably the one belonging to your rich neighbour). In a -mobile, a motorist could tap into a regional road system but also to map out a route around rush-hour traffic snags. Drivers and passengers will be able to send and receive e-mail, track the latest sports scores or stock quotes, surf the Web, and even play video games. Or so, at least, say a number of computer-industry firms such as Microsoft, Sun, IBM and scape.

The modern car is already an electronic showcase on wheels. On-board microcomputers improve fuel economy and reduce emissions. They operate anti-lock brake systems, and on some cars even regulate the firmness of the shock absorbers. But much of the technology needed to add extra is available now. A prototype work vehicle, produced by a consortium of scape, Sun, IBM and Delco (an automotive electronics firm based in Michigan), was introduced at the recent annual computerindustry show in Las Vegas.

It not only offered such desktop-computer-like services as e-mail, but allowed a driver to use them without looking away from the road. It was operated by voice commands and projected its data on to the windscreen, using the same sort of head-up display system found in modern fighter jets. Members of the consortium think a real-world work vehicle could be in production in as little as four years.

Car-makers have already begun rolling out some of the features found on these prototype mobiles. If the driver of a General Motors car equipped with its On-Star system locks his key in the car, for example, an emergency centre can transmit a digital signal to unlock the doors. On-star also calls automatically for help if an accident triggers the airbags. Toyota and General Motors are among a growing list of firms offering such in-car navigation systems. And in Europe, BMW and Mercedes-Benz recently introduced navigation hardware that can not only plot out a route, but alert a driver to traffic jams.[419 words]

6.The future car can be defined as the machine which________.
[A] sends and receives e-mails, and surfs the Web
[B] taps into a regional road system to get directions
[C] combines car functions and computer functions
[D] tracks the latest sports scores and stock quotes

7.“An electronic showcase on wheels”probably means__________.
[A] a computer industry show
[B] a work car
[C] a car that exhibits electronic achievements
[D] a computer that has wheels

8.Compared with an ordinary modern car, the work vehicle will have an on-board microcomputer which________.
[A] projects data on the windscreen
[B] improves fuel economy and reduces emissions
[C] operates anti_lock brake systems
[D] regulates the firmness of the shock absorbers

9.The in-car navigation system has all of the following functions EXCEPT________.
[A] calling for help if an accident triggers the airbag
[B] transmitting a digital signal to unlock the doors
[C] alerting emergency centre if the key is locked in the car
[D] plotting out route and alert one to traffic jams

10.The passage is written probably to_______.
[A] promote electronic culture
[B] advertise for the motor manufacturers
[C] attract potential motor consumers
[D] provide information about the  vehicle

核心词汇
prototype n. [C] 原型,模型;典型,榜样;proto 前缀,表示“原,第一,原始的”,如protovirus原始病毒;protozoology原生动物学

roll out ① 辗平,铺开 例:roll out the red carpet for sb.展开红地毯隆重地欢迎某人 *② 滔滔不绝地说出;洪亮地讲出或唱出 例:roll out verses朗诵诗句

超纲词汇
consortium n. ① 社团,联盟 ② 合股,合伙,联合 *③ 企业集团
crank n. ① 曲柄 ② 怪人,脾气坏的人;怪想法 *v.转动曲柄(发动汽车)
dub *v. 把……称为,授予……新称号 n. 笨蛋
snag n./v. 障碍,阻碍

长难句分析
It was operated by voice commands and projected its data onto the windscreen, using the same sort of headup display system found in modern fighter jets.
该句主干是It was operated by... and projected its data...。现在分词短语using... 做方式状语,修饰谓语动词projected;在using分词短语中,过去分词短语found in... 做后置定语,修饰display system。

语篇分析
本文题材涉及汽车技术,作者介绍未来汽车的功能与特点,并指出这种汽车很快将成为现实生活中的消费品。本文属于介绍新事物型文章,可分为“提出新事物——比较旧事物——突出新事物”三部分。
第一、二段为第一部分:引入话题,介绍网络汽车(新事物)的功能。
第一段:直观地描述使用未来汽车的场景:敲击方向盘上安装的键盘(tap a key on the keyboard mounted by the steering wheel);挡风玻璃上闪现你的最新邮件(your newest email flashes up on the windscreen)。
第二段:首句承接上文,指出第一段所描述的是电脑与汽车相结合的网络汽车(work vehicle/  mobile)。接着预测这种汽车将很快成为现实生活中的消费品(it may soon come to a driveway near you)。然后介绍网络汽车的使用功能:驾驶者可以①接进地域性公路系统(tap into a regional road system);②在交通拥挤的时候画出路线图绕过交通障碍(map out a rout around rushhour traffic snags)。司机和乘客可以①收发邮件(send and receive email);②跟踪最新的体育比分和股票行情(track the latest sports scores or stock quotes);③上网冲浪(surf the Web);④玩电视游戏(play video games)。段末借用微软等公司的观点指出,以上这些功能都可以实现。
第三段为第二部分:介绍现代汽车(旧事物)已经具备的技术。
第三段:将现代汽车比喻为电子陈列柜,介绍其微型计算机(onboard microcomputers)能够:①节约燃料,减少气体排放(improve fuel economy and reduce emissions);②操纵反锁刹车系统(operate antilock brake system);③调节防震器的松紧度(regulate the firmness of the shock absorbers)。最后两句指出,增加了额外技术的未来汽车模型(a prototype work vehicle)已经存在。
第四和五段为第三部分:介绍未来汽车的新功能及发展前景。
第四段:介绍网络汽车模型的功能:①提供台式电脑式的服务,如收发邮件(offer desktopcomputerlike services);②允许司机安全便利地使用这些服务(use the services without looking away from the road);③由声音指令操作(voice commands);④使用最先进的平视显示器,将数据投射在挡风玻璃上(headup display system,projected its data on to the windscreen)。此处与文章第一段的描述相呼应。段末再次借用大公司的观点指出,网络汽车很快将投入生产。
第五段:重点介绍网络汽车模型的内置导航系统(incar navigation systems),其作用包括:①紧急情况下通过远程发射数字信号开启车门(transmit a digital signal to unlock the doors);②发生事故时,自动求救(calls automatically for helps);③规划路线(plot out a route);④提醒驾驶者注意交通堵塞(alert a driver to traffic jams)。倒数第二句补充指出,越来越多的汽车公司已经提供车内导航系统。

试题命制分析
通过对文章的整体分析,我们可以从以下几个方面命题,考查考生的阅读理解能力。

1. 事实细节题
(1) 可以考查未来汽车的本质特点,参见试题6。
(2) 可以考查网络汽车给人们带来的便利,如:乘客可以享受以下所有服务,除了_____。[A] 玩电视游戏;[B] 接进地域性公路系统;[C] 收发邮件;[D] 上网冲浪。(答案:[B])
(3) 针对第三段有关现代汽车的介绍,可以直接考查它的功能或特点,也可以考查它与未来汽车的不同,参见试题8。
(4) 针对网络汽车的导航系统,可以综合考查其功能,参见试题9。
(5) 可以综合全文,考查网络汽车的特点,如:以下哪项不是网络汽车的特点?[A] 声音指令操作;[B] 全新的卫星导航功能;[C] 操纵反锁刹车系统;[D] 在交通堵塞时帮助驾驶者绕过交通障碍。(答案:[C])

2. 词义句意题
(1) 可以考查第二段第一句中this seductive satyr具体指代的事物,参见试题6。
(2) 可以考查第三段首句中an electronic showcase on wheels具体指代的事物,参见试题7。
(3) 可以考查第三段倒数第二句的含义,如:the technology needed to add extra(第三段)包括以下哪一个?[A] 发生事故时自动救助伤者;[B] 提醒驾驶者注意交通堵塞;[C] 减少气体排放;[D] 操纵反锁刹车系统。(答案:[B])

3. 作者态度题
纵观全文,考查作者对未来汽车的态度,如:[A] 肯定的;[B] 否定的;[C] 复杂的;[D] 中立的。通篇都在介绍网络汽车的优点,可见作者的态度是肯定的、积极的。(答案:[A])

4. 文章主旨题
本文观点非常明确,可以命制文章主旨题。参见试题10。

试题精解
6.未来的汽车可以定义为_____的机器。
[A] 可收发电子邮件并且在网上冲浪
[B] 可触摸进入地区公路系统来获得方向指示
[C] 结合了汽车和电脑功能的综合体
[D] 可追踪最新的体育比赛得分情况和股市报价

[精解] 答案C 本题考查事实细节。第一段对未来汽车进行了一番美好描述。二段首句指出这种机器就是汽车和电脑的交合体。satyr原义是“半人半兽的森林之神”,这里比喻为“半汽车半电脑的结合体”。第二句指出这种汽车享有“网络汽车”(work vehicle)的称号,因此[C]项为最佳答案。其他项都是未来汽车的部分功能,不具概括性。

7.“轮子上的电子陈列橱”可能指的是______。
[A] 电脑工业展示会
[B] 网络汽车
[C] 展示了电子成就的汽车
[D] 有轮子的电脑

[精解] 答案C本题考查根据上下文猜测词义。三段首句指出,现代汽车已经是一个带轮子的电子陈列橱。该段接着详细叙述了其具体功能。but一词后出现转折,开始谈网络汽车(即未来汽车),它与现代汽车相比添加了额外的技术,其模型已经出现在拉斯维加斯的电脑工业展示会上了。因此“带轮子的电子陈列橱”就是具备电子功能的现代汽车,[C]项为正确答案。

8.与一般的现代汽车相比,网络汽车会在内部安置微电脑_____。
[A] 将数据投射到汽车挡风玻璃上
[B] 节约燃油量和减少排放量
[C] 操纵反锁刹车系统
[D] 调节减震器的松紧程度

[精解] 答案A本题考查事实细节。该题实际上是要求考生找出网络汽车和现代汽车的区别。根据三段可知,[B]、[C]和[D]项都是现代汽车的功能。只有[A]项是四段谈到的网络汽车先进于现代汽车的功能之一。

9.汽车内置的导航系统的功能不包括_____。
[A] 发生事故时启动安全气袋后自动求救
[B] 发射一种数字信号来开车门
[C] 钥匙被锁在车内时向紧急服务中心报警
[D] 规划路线并提醒驾驶者注意交通堵塞

[精解] 答案C本题考查事实细节。根据题干关键词navigation system迅速定位到第五段。该段倒数第二句提到:包括丰田和通用汽车公司在内越来越多的公司提供了这种内置导航系统。联系上下文,上文提到如果装备卫星导航系统(OnStar system)的通用汽车的驾驶者把车钥匙锁在车内了,那么紧急服务中心会发射一种数字信号来开车门。而且发生事故时如果安全气袋被启动,该系统还会自动求救。下文提到,欧洲的宝马和奔驰汽车公司最近引进了一种导航软件,它不仅能够规划路线而且可以提醒驾驶者注意交通堵塞。可见,[A]、[B]和[D]项都是文中列举的导航系统的功能。[C]错在不是“报警”而是“发射信号”。

10.这篇文章的写作目的可能是_____。
[A] 宣传电子文化
[B] 替汽车生产商做广告
[C] 吸引潜在的汽车消费者
[D] 提供有关网络汽车的信息

[精解] 答案D本题变相考查主旨。回顾全文,从介绍未来汽车(即网络汽车),到将网络汽车和现代汽车作比列出前者的优越之处,文章主要以提供信息为主,勾画了未来汽车的美好前景。因此[D]正确。其他项的内容文中都未提及。

全文翻译
把钥匙插在点火装置上,开动引擎。在给汽车挂挡之前,敲击嵌在方向盘上的键盘,你的最新邮件将在挡风玻璃上闪现。

当你把一辆汽车和一台电脑混合到一起的时候,就得到了这种引人注目的汽车和电脑的交合体。享有“网络汽车”或者是“网络运动物体”称号的机器可能不久就将出现在你附近的车道上(其中也许有一辆属于你富有的邻居)。驾驶者在网络汽车里不仅可以接进地域性公路系统,还可以在交通拥挤的时段画出路线图绕过交通障碍。司机和乘客都能收发邮件,跟踪最新的体育比分和股票行情,上网冲浪,甚至玩电视游戏。至少像微软、Sun、IBM和scape这几家公司是这么认为的。

现代汽车已经是轮子上的一个电子陈列柜。车上的微型计算机不仅节约了燃料而且减少了气体排放。它们操纵反锁刹车系统,甚至调节一些汽车上防震器的松紧度。但是大部分需要增加的新技术目前已经存在。由scape、Sun、IBM和Delco(密歇根的一个自动电子公司)联合生产的一个网络汽车模型最近在拉斯韦加斯举办的一年一度的计算机工业展示会上展示出来。

它不仅仅提供台式电脑似的服务,如收发邮件,同时允许司机不用将目光离开路面就能使用这些服务。它由声音指令操作,使用与现代喷气式战斗机相同的平视显示器系统(前窗玻璃映像显示系统),并且把数据投射在挡风玻璃上。联合的几大公司认为真正的网络汽车将会在短短的四年内投入生产。

汽车制造者已经开始为我们展示这些网络汽车模型的某些特征。如果装备卫星导航系统的通用汽车的驾驶者把车钥匙锁在车内了,那么紧急服务中心会发射一种数字信号来开车门。而且发生事故时如果安全气袋被启动,该系统还会自动求救。丰田汽车和通用汽车公司仅仅是提供这样的车内导航系统的公司其中的两家,这样的公司越来越多。欧洲的宝马和奔驰汽车公司最近引进了一种导航硬件,它不仅能够规划路线而且可以提醒驾驶者注意交通堵塞。
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发表于 2008-5-9 14:09:24 |只看该作者

考研英语阅读理解:加拿大社会的劣质服务

For thousands of Canadians, bad service is neither make-believe nor amusing. It is an aggravating and worsening real-life phenomenon that encompasses behavior ranging from indifference and rudeness to naked hostility and even physical violence. Across the country, better business bureaus report a lengthening litany of complaints about contractors, car dealers, and repair shops, moving companies, airlines and department stores. There is almost an adversarial feeling between businesses and consumers.

Experts say there are several explanations for ill feeling in the marketplace. One is that customer service was an early and inevitable casualty when retailers responded to brutal competition by replacing employees with technology such as 1~800 numbers and voice mail. Another factor is that business generally has begun placing more emphasis on getting customers than on keeping them. Still another is that strident, frustrated and impatient shoppers vex shop owners and make them even less hospitable—especially at busier times of the year like Christmas. On both sides, simple courtesy has gone by the board. And for a multitude of consumers, service went with it.

The Better Business Bureau at Vancouver gets 250 complaints a week, twice as many as five years ago. The bureau then had one complaints counselor and now has four. People complain about being insulted, having their intelligence and integrity questioned, and being threatened. One will hear about people being hauled almost bodily out the door by somebody saying things like “I don't have to serve you!”or “This is private property, get out and don't come back! ” What can customers do? If the bureau's arbitration process fails to settle a dispute, a customer's only recourse is to sue in claims court. But because of the costs and time it takes, relatively few ever do.

There is a lot of support for the notion that service has, in part, fallen victim to generational change. Many young people regard retailing as just a bead-end job that you're just going to do temporarily on your way to a real job. Young clerks often lack both knowledge and civility. Employers have to train young people in simple manners because that is not being done at home. Salespeople today, especially the younger ones, have grown up in a television-computer society where they've interacted largely with machines. One of the biggest complaints from businesses about graduates is the lack of inter-personal skills.

What customers really want is access. They want to get through when they call, they don't want busy signals, they don't want interactive systems telling them to push one for this and two for that—they don't want voice mail. And if customers do not get what they want, they defect. Some people go back to local small businesses: the Asian greengrocer, a Greek baker and a Greek fishmonger. They don't wear name tags, but one gets to know them, all by name.[490 words]

1At a business place of bad service, the worst one can get is._________
[A] indifference and rudeness
[B] naked hostility and physical violence
[C] having intelligence and integrity questioned
[D] being insulted and threatened

2One of the reasons for such ill feeling in the marketplace is that.________
[A] shoppers are usually strident, frustrated and impatient
[B] shoppers often take businesses to court
[C] businesses use new technology instead of employees
[D] businesses try every means to get customers

3 What changes have taken place at Vancouver Better Service Bureau in the past five years?
[A] More effective.
[B] Less bureaucracy.
[C] More business.
[D] Better staff.

4Young clerks often lack interpersonal skills chiefly because they____________
[A]are skilled in dealing with machines, not people
[B]are not trained in simple manners at home
[C]fall victims to generational change
[D]take retailing to be a temporary job

5The author's attitude towards businesses and bad service is_________.
[A]attacking
[B]understanding
[C]regretting
[D]warning

核心词汇
defect n.[C] 缺陷,瑕疵;不足之处 例:All the cars are tested for defects before they leave the factory.所有汽车在出厂之前都要检查有无缺陷。
vi. * to leave your own country or a group in order to go to or join an opposing one逃离;背叛,变节(后跟介词from) 例:She defected from the Liberals and joined the Socialists. 她脱离自由党,加入了社会党。

encompass vt. ① to completely cover or surround sth. 覆盖;包围,环绕 例:a reservoir encompassed by mountains群山环绕的水库 *② 包含,包括 例:The course will encompass physics, chemistry and biology.课程将包括物理、化学和生物学。

indifference n. *① lack of interest or concern不关心,不在乎 例:show indifference to personal affairs不计较个人的事 ② 不重要,无关紧要 例:a matter of indifference无关紧要的事;in否定前缀,用于构成形容词和名词,表示“不,非,无” 例:insensitive a.不敏感,inability n.没办法,没能力

makebelieve n. [U] 由动词短语make believe变过来的复合名词,意为“假装,假扮,虚构” 例:She told me that her parents are millionaires, but its all just makebelieve.她告诉我她父母是百万富翁,但这一切都属子虚乌有。

超级词汇
fishmonger n. 鱼贩,鱼商;monger n. 商人,贩子,如warmonger战争贩子
litany n.(对一系列事件、原因等)枯燥冗长的陈述 例:a litany of complaints喋喋不休的抱怨
recourse n. *① 求助,求援(的对象);(得救的)办法、手段 例:get over difficulties without recourse to outside help不求外援克服困难 ②(法律上的)追索权
strident a.(说话声音)刺耳的,尖锐的,不和谐的

长难句分析
One is that customer service was an early and inevitable casualty when retailers responded to brutal competition by replacing employees with technology such as 1~800 numbers and voice mail.
该句主干是One is that…。that 引导的是表语从句,其中又嵌套了一个复合句:主句是customer service was an casualty, 从句是when引导的时间状语从句。

语篇分析
本文题材涉及商业服务,作者对加拿大存在的劣质服务现象予以剖析,并呼吁商家改善对顾客的服务。它是一篇现象解释型文章,按照“指出现象—解释现象—提出解决方案”的脉络展开论述,可以分成三大部分。
第一段为第一部分,指出现象:劣质服务成为加拿大日益严重的社会问题(aggravating and worsening reallife phenomenon)。
首句给出了文章要论述的话题(bad service)以及作者对它的严肃态度(neither makebelieve nor amusing)。该段使用列举法,说明:①劣质服务的类型多样:从漠不关心(indifference)、粗俗无礼(rudeness)到不加掩饰的恶意(naked hostility)甚至身体暴力(physical violence)。②劣质服务涉及的行业众多(report a lengthening litany of complaints)。末句指出劣质服务造成的后果:商家和消费者之间几乎产生了一种敌对的情绪(adversarial feeling)。
第二、三和四段为第二部分,解释现象。
第二段:引用专家的观点从商家和顾客两方面分析产生敌对情绪的原因:①商家提供的客户服务中技术取代了员工(replacing employees with technology);②商家重点放在赢得顾客而不是保持顾客上(more on getting customers than on keeping customers);③顾客经常惹恼店主并使其变得更加不友好(shoppers vex shop owners and make them even less hospitable)。
第三段:首先进一步指出劣质服务现象越来越严重,其表现在于:①渥太华优化商务局受理的投诉案件和聘用的投诉顾问数量增多(complaints twice as many as five years ago; now has four counselors);②顾客抱怨受到侮辱和威胁(being insulted and threatened)。该部分举例说明商家的恶劣态度(One will hear about people being hauled almost bodily out the door)。
接着该段以设问的形式说明遭到恶劣对待的顾客能够采取的对策:①依靠优化商务局的仲裁;②如果仲裁失败(fails to settle a dispute),顾客只能向法庭提出诉讼(sue in claims court),但是因为诉诸法庭费用高、时间长(the costs and time it takes),所以很少有人这么做。该部分从消费者不能有效地维护自己的权益的角度,间接地解释了劣质服务现象日益严重的原因。
第四段:从年轻人的角度分析造成劣质服务现象的原因:①只将销售看作是临时的工作(do temporarily);②缺少知识和礼貌(lack both knowledge and civility);③缺少人际交往技能(lack of interpersonal skills)。
第五段为第三部分,提出解决方案:商家应与顾客直接接触(access)。
句子“If customers do not get what they want, they defect”表明了作者的态度,即,作者警告商家如果不与顾客接触,可能会导致顾客的流失。文章最后提供了地方小商贩的成功经验,建议商家予以借鉴。

试题命制分析
通过对文章的整体分析,我们可以从以下几个方面命题,考查考生的阅读理解能力。

1. 事实细节题
(1) 针对文章第一段列出的劣质服务的类型,可以就其程度进行考查,参见试题1。还可以问哪个是程度最轻的劣质服务?[A] 身体暴力;[B] 粗俗无礼;[C] 漠不关心;[D] 不加掩饰的恶意。(答案:[C])
(2) 可以综合考查劣质服务现象的特点,包括:日益严重、类型多样、涉及行业众多等。
(3) 针对商家和消费者之间存在的敌对情绪,可以考查其原因,参见试题2。
(4) 针对优化商务局,可以考查其发生了什么变化,参见试题3。
(5) 可以考查顾客对劣质服务采取的应对措施,如:遭到恶劣对待的顾客往往会做什么?[A] 使用身体暴力;[B] 向新闻媒介投诉;[C] 期待优化商务局的仲裁;[D] 提出诉讼。(答案:[C])
(6) 从年轻人的角度,可以考查劣质服务现象的原因,也可以考查年轻人身上存在的问题,参见试题4。

2. 作者观点、态度题
(1) 可以考查作者认为改善劣质服务的方法是什么。
(2) 末段作者呼吁商家改善对顾客的服务,由此可以考查作者对商家及劣质服务现象的态度,参见试题5。

3. 推理引申题
(1) 第一段提到优化商务局报道全国各类投诉事件,第三段提到优化商务局受理投诉案件、聘用投诉顾问、解决争端。因此可以考查推理优化商务局是什么类型的组织?
(2) 第三段从多个层次分析顾客对劣质服务采取的对策,可以考查由此能推出的结论,如:[A] 消费者更喜欢仲裁而不是上诉;[B] 劣质服务现象严重的原因之一是消费者不能有效地维护权益;[C] 法庭往往偏袒商家而不是顾客;[D] 优化商务局处理投诉案件的效率很低。(答案:[B])

4. 词义句意题
考查第四段第一句Service has, in part, fallen victim to generational change的含义。

5. 写作目的题
考查文章最后作者提到地方小商贩的目的是什么。

试题精解
1.在一个有着劣质服务的商业场所人们所受到的最恶劣的待遇是——。
[A] 漠不关心和粗鲁 [B] 不加掩饰的恶意和身体暴力
[C] 智力和正直遭到质疑 [D] 受到侮辱和威胁

[精解] 答案B本题考查事实细节。第一段第二句提到,劣质服务是真实的生活现象,包括从漠不关心、粗俗无礼到不加掩饰的恶意甚至身体暴力等一系列行为。以上三种行为按照严重程度递增排列。第三段提到,人们在投诉信中抱怨受到侮辱、自己的智力和正直遭到质疑、受到威胁。接着文中举了一个例子形象地说明了顾客受到的最糟糕的待遇。句子结构one will hear... 表示作者强调的口吻,“连……的事情也有所耳闻”。而这个例子正好是“不加掩饰的恶意甚至身体暴力”。因此[B]项是最恶劣的待遇。

2.市场上出现这种不良情绪的原因之一是——。
[A] 购物者经常是吵闹的、失望的和没有耐心的
[B] 购物者经常把商家告上法庭
[C] 商家使用技术替代员工
[D] 商家利用各种手段来赢得顾客

[精解] 答案C本题考查事实细节。第二段分析了三个原因。第一个原因是:零售商应对残酷的竞争采用技术取代员工。第二个原因是:商家一般都开始把重点更多放在赢得顾客而不是保持顾客上。第三个原因是:一些吵闹的、失望的没有耐心的购买者经常惹恼店主。由此可判定[C]项是原因,[A]项将原文中的个别现象变成了经常出现的普遍现象,与事实不符。[B]项文中未提。文中强调的原因是商家没有重视保持顾客,[D]与文意不符。

3.在过去五年里渥太华的优化商务局有什么改变?
[A] 效率更高。 [B] 官僚作风减少。
[C] 更多的务业。 [D] 更好的职员。

[精解] 答案C 本题考查事实细节。第三段首句提到,渥太华的优化商务局在一周之内收到的投诉数量是五年前的两倍。该局的投诉顾问也由那时的一个变成了四个。投诉多了,业务自然更繁忙了,因此[C]项正确。其他项文中未提到。

4.年轻的职员缺乏人际间交往技巧主要是因为他们——。
[A] 擅长与机器而非人打交道 [B] 在家没有接受简单的礼仪训练
[C] 成为代与代之间变化的受害者[D] 将零售视为临时的工作

[精解] 答案A 本题考查事实细节。第四段首句提到一种普遍存在的观念,即服务成了代与代之间变化的受害者。接下来的内容对该句进行了阐述:年轻人将零售视为跳板性质的工作;缺少知识和礼貌;年轻人成长过程中大多和机器交流。该段最后一句作者借用商家的抱怨,指出他们缺少人际间的交际技能。可见,只有[A]项与年轻职员人际交流能力差相关,且是直接原因。其他项是年轻人其他方面的表现。

5.作者看待商业和劣质服务的态度是——。
[A] 攻击的 [B] 理解的 [C] 懊悔的 [D] 警告的

[精解] 答案D本题考查作者态度。文中作者主要描述了劣质服务的存在及分析其原因。在最后一段里,作者用与商业部门和服务行业对话的口吻说到,顾客真正想要的是一个接近的机会。如果顾客得不到他们想要的服务,他们就会跑掉。可见,作者是在警告并呼吁服务行业找出其问题根源所在以便改善服务。[D]项是其正确的态度。其他项都不恰当。

全文翻译
对于数以千计的加拿大人来说,劣质服务既不是虚假的也不是好笑的,它是一个正在不断恶化的现实生活中的现象,包括从漠不关心、粗俗无礼到不加掩饰的恶意甚至身体暴力等一系列行为。优化商务局在全国范围内长篇累牍地报道各类投诉事件,这些投诉的对象包括承包商、汽车商、修理店、搬家公司、航空公司以及百货商店。在商家和消费者之间几乎产生了一种敌对的情绪。

专家们说,关于市场上产生这种不良情绪有如下几种解释。一方面当零售商应对残酷的竞争用1到800的数目和语音邮件等技术取代员工后,客户服务就成了早期的也是不可避免的受害者。另一个原因是,商业一般都已经开始把重点更多放在赢得顾客而不是保持顾客上。此外,一些吵闹的、失望的、没有耐心的购买者经常惹恼店主并使其变得更加不友好,尤其是在像圣诞节这样一年之中比较繁忙的时节。双方都将简单的礼貌置之脑后,因此对于大量的消费者来说,服务随之而去。

渥太华的优化商务局在一周之内收到了250份投诉,这个数字是五年前的两倍。该局的投诉顾问也由那时的一个变成了四个。人们抱怨受到侮辱,自己的智力和正直也遭到质疑,还会受到威胁。有人一边喊着“我没有必要为你服务”或者“这是私人领地,请你出去,不要再来了”这样的话一边将顾客推出门外,连这样的事情也有所耳闻。顾客能做些什么呢?如果优化商务局的仲裁程序未能成功地解决争端的话,顾客惟一能做的就是向赔偿法庭提出诉讼,但是那样要花费很多的金钱和时间,因此很少有人去做。

人们普遍支持这一观念,即服务已经部分地成了代与代之间变化的受害者。许多年轻人将零售视为跳板性质的工作,是找到真正的工作前暂时做的事情。年轻的服务员缺少知识和礼貌。雇主必须给年轻人进行简单的礼仪培训,因为在家里无法进行。今天的销售员,尤其是较为年轻的人,是在电视和计算机的社会中成长起来的,在这样的社会中,他们大多和机器互相交流。商家对毕业生最常有的抱怨之一就是:他们缺少人与人之间的交际技能。

顾客真正想要的是一个接近的机会。他们希望打电话时有人接而不是听到忙音信号。他们不想要交互系统告诉他们“如果……请按1,如果……请按2”,他们不想要语音邮件。如果顾客得不到他们想要的服务,他们就会跑掉。一些人愿意与当地的小商贩打交道,比如:亚洲菜贩,希腊面包师和希腊鱼贩。他们不佩戴胸牌,但是顾客却通过名字认识他们。
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发表于 2008-5-9 14:10:25 |只看该作者

考研英语阅读理解:盗窃

The following paragraphs are given in a wrong order for Questions 21-25, you are required to reorganize these paragraphs into a coherent article by choosing from the list A-G to fill in each numbered box. The first and the last paragraphs have been placed for you in Boxes. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)

[A] If you are in the frightening position of waking in the middle of the night and think you can hear an intruder, then on no account should you approach the intruder. Far better to telephone the police and wait for help.

[B] But what could happen if, in spite of the aforementioned precautions, a burglar or intruder has decided to target your home. Windows are usually the first point of entry for many intruders. Downstairs windows provide easy access while upstairs windows can be reached with a ladder or by climbing up the drainpipe. Before going to bed you should double-check that all windows and shutters are locked. No matter how small your windows may be, it is surprising what a narrow gap a determined burglar can manage to get through. For extra security, fit window locks to the inside of the window.

[C] The first fact is that burglars and other intruders prefer easy opportunities, like a house which is very obviously empty. This is much less of a challenge than an occupied house, and one which is well-protected. A burglar will wonder if it is worth the bother. There are some general tips on how to avoid your home becoming another crime statistic. Avoid leaving signs that your house is empty. When you have to go out, leave at least one light on as well as a radio or television, and do not leave any curtains wide open. The sight of your latest music center or computer is enough to tempt any burglar.

[D] A sobering fact is that not all intruders have to break and enter into a property. Why go to the trouble of breaking in if you can just knock and be invited in? Beware of bogus officials or workmen and, particularly if you are elderly, fit a chain and an eye hole so you can scrutinize callers at your leisure. When you do have callers never let anybody into your home unless you are absolutely sure they are genuine. Ask to see an identity card, for example.

[E] What about entry via doors? Your back door and patio doors, which are easily forced open, should have top quality security locks fitted. Even though this is expensive it will be money well spent. Install a burglar alarm if you can afford it as another line of defence against intruders.

[F] A recent survey of crime statistics shows that we are all more likely to be burgled now than 20 years ago and the police advise everyone to take a few simple precautions to protect their homes.

[G] Never leave a spare key in a convenient hiding place. The first place a burglar will look is under the doormat or in a flower pot and even somewhere more imaginative could soon be uncovered by the intruder. It is much safer to leave a key with a neighbour you can trust. But if your house is in a quiet, desolate area be aware that this will be a burglars dream, so deter any potential criminal from approaching your house by fitting security lights to the outside of your house.[526 words]

Order:

F→21 →22 →23 →24 →25 →A

核心词汇
at your leisure 有空时,方便时 例:Take the leaflets home and read them at your leisure.把这些宣传册拿回家,闲暇时慢慢看。
break in *① 强行闯入(以行窃) 例:Burglars had broken in while we were away on holiday. 我们外出度假时, 小偷闯入屋内行窃。 ② to make a person or animal get used to a certain way of behavior or working使(人或动物)习惯于某种行为或工作,使驯服,训练成为 例:Dont worry about doing the accounts,well break you in gently.别担心会计工作,我们会让你慢慢熟悉的。 ③ 打断,插嘴(后常跟介词on) 例:Please dont break in on our conversation.请不要打断我们的谈话。
double-check vi.&vt.复查,复核(以确认某事);double可同名词、动词、形容词等词类构成复合词,表示“两倍的(地),双重的(地),重复的(地)”如:doubleact n.一起演出的两个演员,doublebook v. 重复预订(同一座位),doubledigit a. 两位数的
intruder n. *① 非法闯入者(常指小偷) ② sb. who is in a place where they are not wanted不请自来者 例:an unwelcome intruder 不受欢迎的不速之客
on no account/not on any account 决不可以;切莫 例:On no account should we cut down the outturn.我们决不可以把产量降低。/ Don t on any account leave the prisoner unguarded. 这个囚犯决不能没人看守。
sobering a. making you feel serious使觉得严肃的;使清醒的 例:a sobering thought 严肃的思想 / The bad news had a sobering effect.这坏消息有令人头脑清醒的效果。

超纲词汇
aforementioned a.上述的,前述的
bogus a.假冒的,伪造的
deter a. 使不敢做,吓住,阻止,制止
patio a.(与房屋相连并铺有石头地面的、做户外歇息用的)露台,平台

语篇分析
本文是一篇问题解决型的事理说明文,作者的写作目的是介绍如何预防家庭盗窃。文章大体按照“提出问题—分析和解决问题”的脉络展开论述,全文共七段,可分为两大部分。需要注意的是,本文的分析问题和解决问题基本上在每个段落内都有涉及,而不是分别集中在几个段落中。
一、第一段为第一部分,提出问题。
F段内容概括:通过犯罪记录调查和警察的建议(a survey of crime statistics, the police advise),引出下文对防盗方法的介绍(a few simple precautions)。
二、第二至末段为第二部分,分析问题 + 解决问题。
总体写作顺序:作者按照问题的严重性从轻到重的逻辑顺序安排第二部分内容。这部分内容又可以分三个层次展开。
1. C段、G段谈论自己的房子尚未引起窃贼注意的时候房主应采取的预防措施。
C段内容概括:介绍一个预防策略:不要让盗贼知道家里没人。前三句分析窃贼的作案心理:容易对没人在的房子下手,避免不必要的麻烦(prefer easy opportunities, wonder if it is worth the bother)。其中作者比较了“没人的房子(very obviously empty)”和“有人住或保护充分的房子(occupied house, well protected)”的不同。第四句是过渡句,引出下文对预防措施的介绍(some general tips)。第五句提出相应的策略:不要留下家里没人的迹象(avoid leaving signs)。第六句举例说明具体的做法:外出时至少亮一盏灯、打开收音机或电视机、拉上所有的窗帘(leave at least one light on as well as a radio or television, and do not leave any curtains wide open)。末句分析了最后一种做法的好处:避免窃贼偷看到你的音乐器材或电脑之类的具有诱惑力的财物(the sight of... is enough to tempt any burglar)。
连贯性:C段首句的序数词the first承接上文,并引出本段内容,the first的使用是段落间连贯性的体现。第二句的代词this回指上句中的a house which is very obviously empty,this的使用是段内句子间连贯性的体现。
G段内容概括:介绍两个预防措施:将备用钥匙留给可信赖的人;安装保险灯。前三句围绕钥匙的放置地点展开论述。首句批判一种不当的做法:把备用钥匙放在方便隐藏的地方(leave a spare key in a convenient hiding place);第二句分析原因:很容易被窃贼发现(the first place a burglar will look, could soon be uncovered);第三句提出正确的做法:将备用钥匙留给可信赖的邻居(with a neighbour you can trust)。末句介绍第二种措施。首先分析窃贼的作案心理:喜欢去地处偏僻地区的房子行窃(house in a quiet, desolate area),接着提出相应的预防措施:安装保险灯以阻止罪犯接近(deter any criminal from approaching by fitting security lights)。
写作顺序:前三句谈论一般情况下的备用钥匙保管问题,末句句首连词but引出了一种特殊状况以及相应的预防措施。因此作者按照从一般到特殊的逻辑顺序安排本段内容。

2. B段、E段、D段介绍被窃贼盯上后房主应该采取的预防措施。其中B段、E段介绍防止窃贼破门/ 窗而入的措施,D段介绍防止窃贼按其他方式入室的措施。
B段内容概括:介绍防止窃贼破窗而入的两个措施:确保所有的窗户和百叶窗都关好;安装窗锁。首句承接上文谈论的几种措施(in spite of the aforementioned precautions),并引出下文提出的其他措施(what could happen)。第二至五句围绕“关好窗户”这个预防措施展开论述。第二、三句分析窗户容易成为窃贼的入口(the first point of entry, provide easy access, can be reached with...);第四句提出相应的防盗措施:检查是否将所有的窗户和百叶窗都关好(doublecheck that all the windows and shutters are locked)。第五句递进强调窗户是窃贼入室的通道(a determined burglar can mange to get through);末句提出进一步的预防措施:在窗户里面安装窗锁(fit window locks)。
连贯性:转折连词but表示该段与上文(C和G段)构成转折关系,引出第二个层次的论述:如果被窃贼盯上了怎么办。but的使用是段落间连贯性的体现。
写作顺序:作者按照预防措施由简到繁的逻辑顺序安排本段内容。
E段内容概括:介绍防止破门而入的两个措施:给后门和天井门安装高质量的防盗锁;安装防盗报警器。该段采用设问的方式:首句提出问题(What about entry via doors?),后面部分给予回答。第二、三句介绍第一种预防措施(should have top quality security locks fitted),并指出它尽管贵却是值得的(expensive, money well spent);末句递进指出第二种附加的预防措施(install a burglar alarm as another line of defence)。
连贯性:末句中another一词引出另一种预防措施,它的使用是段内连贯性的体现。
写作顺序:作者按照预防措施由简到繁的逻辑顺序安排本段内容。
D段内容概括:介绍防止窃贼假冒他人身份入室的措施。首句承接上文,指出窃贼不一定都采取破门/窗而入的手段(not all intruders have to break and enter)。第二句衔接第一句,指出一种新的入室方法:敲门被邀请进入(knock and be invited in)。后三句介绍相应的预防措施:①警惕假冒分子(beware of bogus);②安装链子和视孔仔细观察来访者(fit a chain and an eye hole to scrutinize callers);③确认来访者的真实身份(be sure that they are genuine, see an identity card)。
连贯性:该段首句的a sobering fact与C段段首的the first fact遥相呼应。关键词fact的重复使用是段落间连贯性的体现。此外,该句中“break and enter into a property”与上文(B、E段)的内容形成了很好的衔接。

3. A段内容概括:介绍窃贼真正来临时房子主人的应对措施:不要接近窃贼,要打电话叫警察(on no account should you approach the intruder,far better to telephone the police)。
连贯性:B段首句中的if引出被窃贼盯上后的状况;A段段首的if引出窃贼真正来临的情况,两个if遥相呼应。此呼应现象是段落间连贯性的体现。比较级far better to 引导的祈使句与上句形成对比。比较级的使用是段内句子间连贯性的体现。

试题精解
(一) 迅速地浏览全文,概括各个段落的大意,留意各段中的特征词。
[A] 午夜惊醒、听到入侵者声音时如何行动。
[B] 尽管做了充分的预防措施,盗窃者仍然把目标对准了你家。在这种情况下该怎么应付。(在阅读该段的时候考生应该着重阅读第一句话But what could happen if, in spite of the aforementioned precautions...)
[C] 盗窃者更青睐一些容易的机会,比如那些显然没人在的房子,因此避免留下迹象表明你家中无人。(考生应该注意:从该段第一句话的主语the first fact这一表示次序的词可以初步断定该段应该是作者所分析问题或者提出建议部分的第一个段落。)
[D] 对盗窃者破门而入以外的进入方式更应该谨慎。(因为上文曾提到过一次fact,该段再次提到时,考生应该尤为注意fact一词的修饰词语。)
[E] 怎样设置你家的门来预防盗窃。
[F] 调查发现人们比20年前更有可能遭受盗窃,警察建议人们采取预防措施。
[G] 关于钥匙的保管问题。

(二)仔细阅读首尾两段,并浏览其他段落把握文章的主旨结构
该篇文章的首尾两段在文章中已经明确给出。首段提出,研究发现,较之20年前,现在的人们更容易遭到盗窃的侵袭,因此警察建议人们采取一些简单的预防措施。文章最后一段是论述当盗贼真正光临时应该采取的行动。因此可预测中间部分的段落应该是有关预防盗窃所采取的具体措施的论述。本文属于问题型结构,即提出问题(盗窃案件发生的可能性大)——分析问题(房间,门窗,钥匙等设置)——解决问题(如何预防)。但是在分析问题和解决问题时,作者没有采取严格的独立段落来分别说明,而是采用了合并法,即讲问题和解决方案合并到一起,每个问题和对应的解决方案组成一段,这样的话,考生应该着重考虑一些连词、表顺序的词和一些表示程度的修饰词的应用。

(三) 整理各个段落的逻辑顺序
21[精解] 答案C对于问题型文章,考生首先要找出“问题”所在。通读要求排出正确顺序的五个段落,每个段落都包含了一个问题和具体的解决方案,这无疑增加了考生解答问题的难度。但是既然所有段落都包含问题,就应该由问题的轻重程度入手。其中[C]段首句的主语是the first fact(第一个事实是……),通过序数词first可以推断该段落应该为诸多问题中作者第一个提到的,因此紧跟在文章首段之后。

22[精解] 答案G其余的几个段落并没有明显的表示次序的标志词,所以考生应该考虑从其他地方找线索。[B]段的第一句话对于整理其他段落的顺序至关重要。它提到,尽管你采取了上文提到的防范措施,但如果盗窃者仍然瞄准了你家,将会发生什么事情呢。由此可见,前文提到的只是为了不让盗窃者轻易地瞄准你家的预防措施,而[B]段之后则是当盗窃者真正逼近的时候应该采取的措施。接下来考生的任务是判断剩余三段中是否还有关于简单预防的内容。

23[精解] 答案B分析[D]段,[E]段和[G]段。在这三段中,[D]段讲述的是一个更为严重的事实,即在有些情况下,盗窃者根本不必破门而入,尤其家里留守的是老人的时候应该更为谨慎,不要轻易给别人开门。显然此段叙述的是盗窃者迫近的情形以及解决方案,应该放在[B]段之后。[E]段谈论的是门的问题,作者提到后门和天井门较容易被盗窃者作为破门而入的选择,因此应该安装报警器。这段内容也涉及了破门而入,因此应该放在[B]段之后。[G]段的内容是关于钥匙如何放置的问题,其中有建议说应该把钥匙放到邻居手中,如果居住的地方偏僻的话,应该装上警示灯以防盗窃者接近。可以看出本段涉及的仍然是一些简单的防止盗窃者接近的措施,所以应该放在[B]段之前。

24和25[精解] 答案E、D分析[D]段和[E]段的关系,[E]段谈论的是门的问题,[D]段讲述的是一个更为严肃的事实,即在盗窃者不破门而入时更应该谨慎。该段比[E]段论述的问题严重。况且[D]段句首提到A sobering fact“一个严重的事实是……”,与[C]段the first fact首尾呼应,完成了关于预防盗窃的全部论述,最后[A]段是关于窃贼已入侵你家中的情况了。因此[E]段应该放在[D]段之前。

正确的排序是:[F] [C] [G] [B] [E] [D] [A]

(四) 阅读全文,检查答案是否正确。

全文翻译

一次最近的案件统计调查表明人们比20年前更有可能遭窃,警察建议人们采取一些简单的预防措施来保护自己的家。([F])

第一个事实就是窃贼和其他的入侵者都青睐容易得手的机会,比如一个显然没人的房子。与那些有人住的或者是保护充分的房子比起来,这些房子的挑战性小的多。窃贼会考虑是否值得那么费事。关于如何防止你家成为又一个案件记录,这有几条一般性的建议。避免留下一些迹象表明你家中无人。当你必须外出时,至少亮一盏灯并且开着收音机或电视,不要让窗帘大敞大开。你最新的组合音响和电脑都足够引诱任何一个窃贼。([C])

不要将多余的钥匙放在方便隐藏的地方。窃贼第一眼看的地方就是门口擦鞋垫下面或者花盆里,甚至其他任何更具有想象力的地方也很快会被窃贼发现的地方。把钥匙留给一个值得信赖的邻居更为安全。但是如果你的房子位于僻静的地方,应该意识到那可能是窃贼的梦想之地。因此应在房子外面安装保险灯以制止任何可能的罪犯接近你的房子。 ([G])

尽管做了前面提到的预防措施,盗窃者或者入侵者仍然决定把目标对准你家,在这种情况下会发生什么事情?对于很多入侵者来说,窗户通常是第一个入口。楼下的窗户为其提供了一个很便利的入口,而楼上的窗户爬上梯子或排水管也可以到达。在睡觉之前,应该仔细检查是否所有的窗户和百叶窗都已关好。令人惊奇的是,不管你的窗户有多小:一个不达目的不罢休的盗窃者能通过。为了更保险,在窗户的里面装一窗锁。([B])

通过门进来的怎么办呢?你的后门和天井门都很容易被强行打开,所以应该安装高质量的防盗锁。尽管贵但是钱花得值。如果你能负担的话,安装一个防盗报警器作为对入侵者的另一层防御。([E])

一个严肃的事实是并非所有的入侵者都需要破门而入。如果你能够敲敲门就被邀请进来的话为什么还要费力气破门而入呢?警惕那些假冒的职员和工作人员,特别如果你是一位老人,在门上安装链子和视孔,这样你就能方便地仔细察看来访者。当确实有来访者时,除非你完全确定他们的真实身份,否则不要让任何人进你的家门。例如,要求查看他的身份证。([D])

如果你午夜惊醒、认为可能听到入侵者的声音,这时绝不应该接近入侵者。更好的办法是打电话给警察等待帮助。([A])
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发表于 2008-5-9 14:12:54 |只看该作者

考研英语阅读理解:互联网和电脑等新型通讯技术的应用

One great benefit of the Web is that it allows us to move information online that now resides in paper form. Several states in America are using the Web in a profound way. You can apply for various permits or submit applications for business licences. Some states are putting up listings of jobs—not just state government jobs, but all the jobs available in the state. I believe, over time, that all the information that governments print, and all those paper forms they now have, will be moved on to the Inter.

Electronic commerce notches up month-by-month too. It is difficult to measure, because a lot of electronic commerce involves existing buyers and sellers who are simply moving paperbased transactions to the Web. That is not new business. Microsoft, for example, purchases millions of dollars of PCs online instead of by paper. However, that is not a fundamental change; it has just improved the efficiency of an existing process. The biggest impact has occurred where electronic commerce matches buyers and sellers who would not previously have found each other. When you go to a book site and find an obscure book that you never would have found in a physical bookstore, that is a new type of commerce.

Today, about half of all PCs are still not connected to the Web. Getting communications costs down and making all the software simpler will bring in those people. And that, in turn, will move us closer to the critical mass that will make the Web lifestyle everyone's lifestyle. One element that people underestimate is the degree to which the hardware and software will improve. Just take one aspect: screen technology. I do my e-mail on a 20-inch liquid crystal display (LCD) monitor. It is not available at a reasonable price yet, but in two years it will be. In ten years, a 20-inch LCD with much higher resolution will be commonplace. The boundary between a television set and a PC will be blurred because even the set-top box that you connect up to your cable or satellite will have a processor more powerful than what we have today in the most expensive PC. This will, in effect, make your television a computer.

Interaction with the Web also will improve, making it much easier for people to be involved. Today the keywords we use to search the Web often return to too many articles to sort through, many of them out of context. If you want to learn about the fastest computer chip available, you might end up getting responses instead about potato chips being delivered in fast trucks. In the future, we shall be either speaking or typing sentences into the computer. If you ask about the speed of chips, the result will be about computers, not potatoes. Speech recognition also means that you will be able to call in on a phone and ask if you have any new messages, or check on a flight, or check on the weather.

To predict that it will take over ten years for these changes to happen is probably pessimistic. We usually overestimate what we can do in two years and underestimate what we can do in ten. It will not be too long before the Web becomes as much a way of life as the car.[558 words]

16. Electronic commerce becomes a new type of commerce when______.
[A] paperbased transactions are moved on to the Web
[B] the efficiency of the existing process is improved by Inter
[C] new buyers and sellers find each other on the Inter
[D] a book site offers the books several bookstores have altogether

17. The use of computer will be as common as the use of cars when_______.
[A] governments begin to move administration on-line
[B] electronic commerce causes a fundamental change
[C] computer and communication become simpler and cheaper
[D] the boundary between the computer and the TV disappears

18. What is the current problem with the Web according to the passage?
[A] Too much information. [B] Lack of response.
[C] Ineffective interaction. [D] Slowness of speed.

19. The example of potato chips is used to illustrate_____.
[A] the defect of computers at the present stage of development
[B] the similarity between a computer chip and a potato chip
[C] the richness of information available on the web
[D] the irrelevant responses the web sometimes offers

20. The passage is mainly trying to show that______.
[A] the web is becoming a way of conveying information
[B] the web will bring about a new way of life
[C] electronic commerce develops with the inter
[D] interaction with the Web will become easier

核心词汇
bring in *① to allow or invite someone to become involved in a discussion, investigation, etc 让……参与 例:They brought the police in when it all became serious. 当事态变得很严重时,他们叫来了警察。 ② to introduce(legislation, a custom, fashion, topic etc)提出(新法案);引入(时尚、习俗、话题等) ③ to earn or produce a particular amount of profit赢利,赚钱 例:The sale of the house only brought in about $45,000. 卖房子只赚了约4.5万美元。

measure vt. ① to find the size, length or amount of sth. using standard units测量,度量 *② to judge the importance, value, or true nature of sth.估量,判定(重要性、价值或影响等) 例:Education should not be measured purely by examination results. 教育不应该只用考试成绩来衡量。
n. ① 尺寸,大小 ② [常用复数] 措施,办法 例:take measures to do sth. 采取措施应对(某种情况)

obscure a. *① not well known and usually not very important 默默无闻的,没有名气的 例: an obscure poet 名不见经传的诗人 ② difficult to understand 难理解的,晦涩的 例:The environment is obviously important, but its role has remained obscure. 环境显然很重要,但它的作用却仍不为人所知。(2002考研翻译 )
vt. to make sth. difficult to know or understand 搞混,使难理解 例:Recent successes obscure the fact that the company is still in trouble. 近来的一些成功使人看不清公司依然处于困境。

resolution n. ① [C] 正式决定, 决议 ② [U] (问题、纷争的)解决 例:The lawyers advice led to the resolution of the problem. 律师的忠告使这个问题得以解决。 *③ [C, U] (电视、显微镜等的)清晰度;分辨率

超纲词汇
notch n. ①(表面或边缘的)V形刻痕、槽口;圆形切口 ②(记数等用的)刻痕 ③ 等级,档次 例:a notch above others比其他的高一等 vt. ① 开槽口;(用凹口)嵌入 ② 刻痕迹 *③ notch up赢得,获得(胜利等) 例:With this performance, she has notched up her third championship title.她因这一成绩而获得第三个冠军称号。

长难句分析
The boundary between a television set and a PC will be blurred because even the settop box that you connect up to your cable or satellite will have a processor more powerful than what we have today in the most expensive PC.
该句主干是The boundary … will be blurred。介词短语between... and... 充当后置定语,修饰主语boundary。because引导的原因状语从句修饰主句;在because从句中,主干是the settop box... will have a processor,定语从句that... 修饰the settop box;形容词短语more powerful than... 修饰 a processor,都是后置定语;其中,连词than连接了一个what引导的名词性从句,与前面的名词a processor构成比较。

语篇分析
本文题材涉及网络生活。作者论述了网络即将给人们生活带来的变化。从结构上看,本文是一篇归纳推理型文章,由分到总,先对所要论述的问题分几个方面剖析,再顺理成章地归纳总结出结论。
第一段:论证分论点一,即,网络将纸张保存的信息转移到网上(move information online that now resides in paper form)。首句提出观点,接着以美国几个州的做法为例具体说明,人们可以在网上很方便地获得表格和求职信息。末句重申观点,预测未来的所有信息都可以在网上获得。
第二段:论证分论点二,即,新形式的电子商务将带来更大便利。该段对新旧电子商务进行了比较。传统电子商务是买卖双方把以纸张为基础的交易转移到网上进行(moving paper based transactions to the web),其好处仅限于提高交易效率(improve the efficiency)。该部分以微软为例予以说明。新型电子商务则是把以前不可能找到对方的买方和卖方匹配起来(matches buyers and sellers who would not previously have found each other),该部分以买书为例予以说明。
第三段:论证分论点三,即,随着通讯费用的降低以及软件和硬件(communications costs down, the hardware and software will improve)的发展,网络将很快得到普及。该段以屏幕技术(screen technology)的发展为例说明电脑技术的迅速发展,从而支持了网络将很快普及的论点。
第四段:论证分论点四,即,人们与网络进行的互动交流(Interaction with the web also will improve)将得到改善。首先指出现在网络搜索的低效性,然后比较指出未来状况会得到改善,并以网上搜索关键词和打电话询问信息为例。
第五段:总结结论。指出以上这些变化将很快能够实现,网络将成为一种普遍的生活方式(will be as much a way of life as the car)。

试题命制分析
通过对文章的整体分析,我们可以从以下几个方面命题,考查考生的阅读理解能力。
1. 事实细节题
(1) 根据第二段考查什么是新型的电子商务,参见试题16。
(2) 根据第三段考查网络普及的关键条件,参见考题17。
(3) 根据第四段,考查目前与网络交流存在的问题,参见考题18。
(4) 纵观全文,可以综合考查网络的优点,命制正误判断题,如:以下哪项不是网络的优点?[A] 提高人们交流的质量;[B] 有效地保存信息;[C] 提高市场交易的效率;[D] 改变人们的生活方式。(答案:[A])

2. 文章主旨题
针对结尾段,我们可以考查文章主旨题,参见试题20。

3. 作者观点题
(1) 考查考生从第一段one great benefit和I believe, over time, that all the information will be moved on to the inter推出,作者认为信息应该被转移到网上。
(2) 分别考查文中作者对网上办公、电子商务、网络关键词搜索的观点。如:作者如何看待传统类型的电子商务?[A] 没有效率;[B] 取代了纸张为基础的交易;[C] 开拓了新业务;[D] 本质上与一般交易没有区别。(答案:[D])

4. 写作目的题
(1) 本文最突出的论证手段是举例论证,文中每一个分论点都有举例说明,因此可以考查作者举例的目的是为了说明什么,参见试题19。又如:作者举出电脑显示器的例子是为了说明什么?[A] 人们低估了硬件更新的速度;[B] 电脑技术日新月异;[C] 网络给人们生活方式带来了很大变化;[D] 通信成本将很快下降。(答案:[B])
此外,作者还使用了比较论证(新旧电子商务)和类比论证(网络像汽车一样普及)手段,也可以考查写作目的。

5. 词义句意题
根据上下文猜测第二段末句中obscure一词的含义。

试题精解
16.当_____时候,电子商务成为一种新的商务方式。
[A] 以纸张为基础的交易被移到网上进行 [B] 现有交易过程的效率通过网络得到提高
[C] 新的买者和卖者可以通过网络找到对方[D] 一个购书网站提供数家书店共同拥有的书

[精解] 答案C本题考查事实细节。整个第二段围绕电子商务展开论述。该段第二句谈到:许多电子商务仅仅是现有的买家和卖家把以纸张为基础的交易移到网上进行。紧接着一句说:“这不是一种新的贸易”。所以[A]项可排除。该段第四句举例指出,微软每年在线购买数百万美元的电脑,而不是通过纸张进行。文章接着提到,“这不是个根本的变化,只是提高了现有交易过程的效率”。所以也可排除[B]项。第二段第五句提到,“当电子商务把以前不可能找到对方的买方和卖方匹配起来时,网上交易的最大影响力才出现。”因此[C]项是新的商务方式的表现。紧接着该段末句举例提到,当你去购书网站找到一本在有形的书店不能找到的毫无名气的书,那就是新形式的商务。[D]项强调书的数量,与原文不符。

17. 当_____的时候,计算机的使用会和汽车的使用一样普及。
[A] 政府部门开始把行政事务移到网上进行[B] 电子交易引起了一个根本的变化
[C] 计算机和通讯变得更加简单和便宜 [D] 计算机和电视之间的界限消失

[精解] 答案C本题考查事实细节。[A]项是第一段举出的例子,只是说明了网络带来的益处。[B]项是第二段论述中关于网上商务的内容,但它和计算机普及之间也没有根本的联系,所以也可排除。第三段前两句提到:“通讯费用的降低以及所有软件的简易化会使没有和网络连接的个人电脑实现连接,从而更接近让网络方式成为所有人的生活方式的临界点。”所以应选[C]项。[D]项在第三段最后提到,是举例说明软件(如处理器)发展的前景。

18. 根据文章内容,目前网络的问题是什么?
[A] 太多的信息。[B] 缺少回应。 [C] 低效的交流。 [D] 缓慢的速度。

[精解] 答案C本题考查推理引申。第四段前两句提到,与网络的交流将得到改善,使人们更容易参与其中。如今用关键词搜索网络会搜出太多无关内容。接着该段举了“计算机芯片”与“薯片”的例子加以说明。[A]项具有迷惑性,可本质问题在于信息的“质”而非“量”。因此[C]项正确。[B]项与文意相反,不是“缺少”,而是“太多”。[D]项文中没有提及。

19. 举薯片的例子是用来说明_____。
[A] 计算机目前发展中的缺陷[B] 计算机芯片和薯片之间相似之处
[C] 网络上可获得丰富的信息[D] 计算机有时提供的是不相关的信息

[精解] 答案D本题考查写作目的。第四段中的相关内容指出,当我们在网上查询最快的计算机芯片时,计算机给我们的却是薯片的信息,可见计算机提供了不相关的信息,应选[D]项。 [A]项错在computer,应换成web。[B]项是举例中的细节,注意,计算机芯片和薯片在英语中是同一个单词chip。[C]项与作者意图相反,不是“丰富”,而是“泛滥”。

20. 这篇文章主要要表达的是_____。
[A] 网络正在成为一种新的信息传输方式[B] 网络将带来一种新的生活方式
[C] 电子商务随着网络的发展而发展 [D] 与网络的交流将变得更容易

[精解] 答案B本题考查文章主旨。[A]、 [C]和[D]项分别是第一段、第二段和第四段的主旨内容。但从全文来看,第一、二段主要介绍了网络给信息传输和商务带来的变化,第三段前半部分提到,通讯费用的降低及软件的改善可以使网络成为更多人的生活方式。该段后半部分则介绍了软件和硬件确实都在改善。因此,该段主要论述了网络成为生活方式的可能性。第四段论述了未来人与网络的交互也将得到改善,信息更准确,可以通过言语交流。第五段则总结到网络成为生活方式的的日子不会太遥远。因此[B]项是全文主旨。

全文翻译
网络的一个很大的好处是它允许我们把如今停留在纸上的信息转移到网上。美国几个州正在以一种意义深远的方式使用网络。人们能申请各种许可证或递交营业执照的申请表。一些州正在公布一系列工作,不仅包括州政府的工作,而且包括州内所有的工作。我认为,随着时间的推移,所有政府打印的信息以及所有他们现有的保存在纸上的表格,都会转移到网络上。

电子商务也越来越成功。但它很难估量,因为许多电子商务仅仅是现有的买家和卖家把以纸张为基础的交易移到网上进行。这不是一种新的贸易形式。比如,微软每年在线购买数百万美元的电脑,而不是通过纸张进行。然而,这不是根本的变化,只是提高了现有交易的效率。当电子商务把以前不可能找到对方的买方和卖方匹配起来时,网络的最大影响力才出现。当你去购书网站找到一本在有形的书店不能找到的毫无名气的书,那就是新的商务形式。

如今,几乎一半的个人电脑仍然没有与网络连接。降低通讯费用以及简化软件可以把这些人和网络连接起来。而这又将使我们更接近让网络生活方式成为所有人的生活方式的临界点。人们低估硬件和软件将会改进到何种程度。比如,屏幕技术方面。现在我在20英寸的液晶显示器上发电子邮件。虽然现在它还不能以合理的价格购得,但是两年后将可以。十年后,更高清晰度的20英寸液晶显示器将成为普通的事物。电视和个人电脑之间的界限将变得模糊,因为甚至是连着有线或卫星的电视机上的盒子中都会有比如今最昂贵的个人电脑更强大的的处理器。实际上,你的电视将成为一台电脑。

与网络的交流也将得到改善,这使人们更容易参与其中。如今,搜索网络时输入的关键词总会搜出太多的选项让你选择,而其中很多项与你所找的内容无关。当你想知道现有的最快的计算机芯片时,却得到在快速通道上运送的薯片的信息。将来,我们可以对着电脑讲话或者往电脑中输入句子。如果问芯片的速度,结果将是关于电脑,而不是土豆。语音识别也意味着你能够打电话给电脑询问是否有新的信息,或者查询航班和天气。

预计要花上十多年时间这些变化才会发生可能太悲观了。我们经常高估两年内能做到的事,而低估十年之内能做的事。不久以后,网络会像汽车一样成为一种生活方式。
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发表于 2008-5-9 14:15:24 |只看该作者

考研英语阅读理解:太阳系内速度限制

The marvelous telephone and television work that has now enmeshed the whole world, making all men neighbours, cannot be extended into space. It will never be possible to converse with anyone on another pla. Even with today's radio equipment, the messages will take minutes—sometimes hours—on their journey, because radio and light waves travel at the same limited speed of 186, 000 miles a second.

Twenty years from now you will be able to listen to a friend on Mars, but the words you hear will have left his mouth at least three minutes earlier, and your reply will take a corresponding time to reach him. In such circumstances, an exchange of verbal messages is possible—but not a conversation.

To a culture which has come to take instantaneous communication for granted, as part of the very structure of civilized life, this “time barrier” may have a profound psychological impact. It will be a perpetual reminder of universal laws and limitations against which not all our technology can ever prevail. For it seems as certain as anything can be that no signal—still less any material object—can ever travel faster than light.

The velocity of light is the ultimate speed limit, being part of the very structure of space and time. Within the narrow confines of the solar system, it will not handicap us too severely. At the worst, these will amount to twenty hours—the time it takes a radio signal to span the orbit of Pluto, the outer-most pla.

It is when we move out beyond the confines of the solar system that we come face to face with an altogether new order of cosmic reality. Even today, many otherwise educated men—like those savages who can count to three but lump together all numbers beyond four—cannot grasp the profound distinction between solar and stellar space. The first is the space enclosing our neighbouring worlds, the plas; the second is that which embraces those distant suns, the stars, and it is literally millions of times greater. There is no such abrupt change of scale in the terrestrial affairs.

Many conservative scientists, appalled by these cosmic gulfs, have denied that they can ever be crossed. Some people never learn; those who sixty years ago scoffed at the possibility of flight, and ten years ago laughed at the idea of travel to the plas, are now quite sure that the stars will always be beyond our reach. And again they are wrong, for they have failed to grasp the great lesson of our age—that if something is possible in theory, and no fundamental scientific laws oppose its realization, then sooner or later it will be achieved.

One day we shall discover a really efficient means of propelling our space vehicles. Every technical device is always developed to its limit and the ultimate speed for spaceships is the velocity of light. They will never reach that goal, but they will get very near it. And then the nearest star will be less than five years voyaging from the earth.[514 words]

11.For light to travel across the solar system, it will take_______.
[A] a year [B] nearly a day [C] two months [D] thirty minutes

12.The fact that it will never be possible to converse with someone on another pla shows that________
[A] radio messages do not travel fast enough
[B] no object can ever travel faster than light
[C] western culture has a special idea of communication
[D] certain universal laws cannot be prevailed against

13.Confronted with the new order of cosmic reality, many educated men________.
[A] become ignorant savage again [B] find the “time barrier” unbearable
[C] will not combine solar and stellar space[D] cannot adapt to the abrupt change of scale

14.Conservative scientists who deny that cosmic gulfs can ever be crossed will________
[A] laugh at the very idea of flight [B] learn a lesson as they did ten years ago
[C] find space travel beyond their reach[D] oppose the fundamental scientific laws

15.The author of the passage intends to show__________
[A] the limitations of our technology [B] the vastness of the cosmic reality
[C] the prospect of plaary travel [D] the psychological impact of time and space

核心词汇
enclose vt. *① [常用被动态] to surround sth., especially with a fence or wall, in order to make it separate(尤指用篱笆或围墙)围起来 例:A high wall enclosed the courtyard. 一堵高墙把院子围了起来。 ② 随信附上,随信装入 例:Please enclose a check with your order. 请您随定单附上支票。
en-是构成动词的前缀,表示 ① “使处于某种状态,使有某种特征,使成为……”例:danger使陷入危险中,危害,危及,enlarge使变大,扩大,enslave使成为奴隶,奴役 ②“把……包住;包涵”例:encircle围绕,环绕,包围,encase把……放入箱(盒、袋等)内

lump n. ① a small piece of something solid, without a particular shape(不定形的)块例:There were lumps in the sauce. 酱汁中有块状的东西。②方糖 例:One lump or two? 要一块还是两块方糖?vt. to accept a situation or decision you do not like because you cannot change it 无奈地接受 例: Im going to that party! Like it or lump it! 我打算去参加那个聚会!不管喜欢还是不喜欢!
[短语搭配] *lump sth. together 把……合在一起考虑;算在一起 例:Pacifists, atheists and journalists were all lumped together as “troublemakers”. 和平主义者、无神论者和记者都被归为“捣乱分子”。

超纲词汇
enmesh vt. *① 用网捕捉,使陷入网中;文中指“以电话和电视网络将整个世界联系起来” ② 使陷入,使卷入 例:be enmeshed in difficulties陷入困难中
stellar a.*① 恒星的,与星有关的 ② 极好的 例:the companys stellar growth公司的良好发展
terrestrial a. ① 陆地的 *② 地球上的

长难句分析
1. The marvelous telephone and television work that has now enmeshed the whole world, makingall men neighbors, cannot be extended into space.
该句主干是一个被动句The marvelous telephone and television work... cannot be extended into space。其中that引导的定语从句做后置定语修饰work;分词短语making all men neighbors当结果状语,修饰整个定语从句。

2. To a culture which has come to take instantaneous communication for granted, as part of the very structure of civilized life, this “time barrier” may have a profound psychological impact.
该句主干是This “time barriers” may have a profound psychological impact。介词短语to a culture which... 充当状语成分,修饰句子主干,其中which引导的定语从句修饰a culture;介词短语as... 与前面的动词take构成“动词+复合宾语”的结构take sth. as sth.(把……看作……)。

3. Those who sixty years ago scoffed at the possibility of flight, and ten years ago laughed at the idea of travel to the plas, are now quite sure that the stars will always be beyond our reach.
该句主干是Those... are now quite sure that... 。who引导的定语从句修饰主语those;连词and 连接的两个动词短语scoffed...和laughed... 是并列关系,一起充当定语从句的谓语。that引导的从句充当表语。

语篇分析
本文题材涉及星际通信。作者告诉读者虽然人类在宇宙中的交流受到速度的限制,但是跨越宇宙鸿沟的可能性是存在的。它是一篇现象解释型文章,按照“指出现象—解释现象—提出新观点”脉络展开论述,可分成三部分。
第一、二段为第一部分,指出现象:星际之间的通信受到速度的限制。
第一段:开篇指出,地球上的通信系统无法延伸到太空中,因此人类无法实现星际之间的对话。接着分析原因:无线电波和光波传播速度的限制(the same limited speed)使信息需要花很长时间才能到达(the messages will take minutes—sometimes hours—on their journey)。
第二段:以火星为例,具体说明星际之间无法实现通常意义上的“对话”(a conversation is impossible)。由此可以推知,未来星际之间的交流将采用延时通信(communication delay)的方式。
第三、四段,分析现象带来的影响。
第三段:指出“时间障碍”对人们造成的心理影响(a profound psychological impact),即人们意识到技术不能战胜宇宙的普遍规律和限制(universal laws and limitations against which not all our technology can ever prevail)。
第四段:指出速度限制在狭小的太阳系内(the narrow confines of the solar system)不会给人们带来不便(will not handicap us too severely),并且以冥王星为例说明速度的限制在太阳系内最多造成20个小时的延迟。
第五至七段:作者就星际之间的通信问题提出新的观点。
第五段:提出观点一,即,人们应该认识到太阳系之外的宇宙更浩瀚,天体规模的变化更突然(greater, abrupt change of scale)。该段批评了一些人对宇宙的无知(like savages,cannot grasp the profound distinction),并且对太阳系和恒星系两个概念给予了界定。
第六段:批评那些否认跨越宇宙鸿沟的可能性(appalled by these cosmic gulfs, denied that they can ever be crossed)的保守的科学家。从理论上进行论证:人类的发展证明,只要是理论上证明可能的事情,人类迟早能够实现(If something is possible in theory, then sooner or later it will be achieved)。
第七段:提出观点二,即,技术的发展将使跨越宇宙鸿沟变为可能。该段指出未来的航天器驱动方式(a really efficient means of propelling our space vehicles)将会接近速度的极限。全文最后以展望星际旅行的前景结束。

文章总体特点:
全文内容分为两大部分,前面部分围绕“宇宙速度限制”展开,后面部分围绕“跨越宇宙鸿沟的可能性”展开。前面部分是铺垫,后面部分才是作者观点的论述,即全文的重心。

试题命制分析
通过对文章的整体分析,我们可以从以下几个方面命题,考查考生的阅读理解能力。
1. 事实细节题
(1) 文中出现多处数字,包括:无线电波或者光波的传播速度都是每秒186, 000英里;无线电信号达到冥王星的时间是20小时;未来乘坐航天器达到最近的恒星需要大约5年的时间。针对这些细节可以命制数字细节题,参见试题11。
(2) 第一段含有两个层次的因果关系:人类无法实现星际之间的对话是因为信号传送时间长;信号传送时间长是因为无线电波或者光波传播速度的限制。这里可以命制因果细节题,参见试题12。
(3) 结合第三段和第四段考查“速度限制或时间障碍”造成的影响。如:[A] 人类不再盲目崇拜技术;[B] 给人类生活带来诸多不便;[C] 星际之间无法进行交流;[D] 诱发人类一些心理疾病。(答案:[A])

2. 推理引申题
(1) 针对第二段关于与火星上的人交流的描述考查未来星际之间的交流方式。
(2) 针对第四段末句考查太阳系内通信延迟的时间最长可以达多久。

3. 人物观点、态度题
第五段和第六段提到了两类保守的人,根据文中的描述,可以命制人物观点题,参见试题13和14。也可以考查他们看待时间障碍问题的态度,如:[A] 肯定的;[B] 否定的;[C] 中立的;[D] 含糊不清的。(答案:[A])

4. 作者观点、态度题
(1) 考查作者对文中提到的两类人的态度,如:[A] 褒扬;[B] 批判;[C] 同情;[D] 厌恶。(答案:[B])
(2) 根据第五段至第七段,考查作者观点,如:[A] 人类在浩瀚的宇宙中十分渺小;[B] 人们应该了解太阳系之外的宇宙;[C] 技术的力量是无穷无尽的;[D] 宇宙速度的限制迟早会被突破。(答案:[B])

5. 词义句意题
(1) 考查第五段lump together的含义。
(2) 根据上文推测第六段末句If something is possible in theory... then sooner or later it will be achieved的含义,如:[A] 未来的人类终将跨越宇宙鸿沟;[B] 任何设想都不要违背自然规律;[C] 保守的人永远不能正确预见未来;[D] 理论与实际的距离只是时间问题。(答案:[A])

试题精解
11.光穿过太阳系需要多长时间?
[A] 一年。 [B] 将近一天。 [C] 两个月。 [D] 30分钟。

[精解] 答案B本题考查考生的数字推理能力。原文中没有直接的回答,但是第一段末句指出:“无线电和光的传播速度相同。”第四段最后一句又指出,无线电传到太阳系中最远的冥王星,要20小时。所以[B]项正确。

12.人无法和另外一个星球的人进行对话这一事实表明_____。
[A] 无线电的传播速度不够快 [B] 没有物体能比光的速度快
[C] 西方文化有特别的交流观念[D] 某些普遍规律不能被战胜

[精解] 答案A本题考查事实细节。第一段后两句指出,“永远不可能和另一个星球人进行对话。即使有今天的无线电设备,信息传播也需要好几分钟,甚至好几个小时,因为无线电和光波都是以有限速度传播。”第二段中举了一个和火星人交流的例子,得出的结论是:“交换语言信息是可能的,但是不可能对话。”[A]项指的是传播速度的限制,为正确项。[B]是第三段末句的改写,是事实,但它与无法实现星际对话没有必然的联系。[C]项在第三段提到,但“认为即刻交流是理所当然的文化”是人思维局限的表现,而“人无法和另外一个星球的人进行对话”是自然规律事实,后者不能表明前者。该段也提到,“时间的局限性”(即无法和外星人进行对话)提醒我们不是所有的技术都能战胜普遍规律和限制,因此这里说明的是“技术的局限性”,而不是[D]项中的“规律的不可战胜性”。

13.面对宇宙现实的新秩序,许多受过教育的人士________。
[A] 又变成无知的野人 [B] 发现“时间局限性”不可容忍
[C] 将不会把太阳系和恒星系结合起来[D] 不能适应这种突然的大规模的变化

[精解] 答案D本题考查事实细节。文章第五段第二句提到,“许多在别的方面受过教育的人,像只能数到三的野人,无法明白太阳系和恒星系的巨大不同。……(后者比前者)确实大几百万倍,地球上的事物在规模上没有这样巨大的变化。”可见,他们无法适应如此巨大的规模变化,选择[D]。[A]项拘泥于字面含义,没有理解文中举出“野人”只是为了说明那些受过教育的人在变化面前的无知,而不是真的变成了野人。[B]项文中未提,[C]项中“结合”应换成“区分”,才符合文意。
14.否认人们可能跨越巨大宇宙鸿沟的那些保守科学家将会_______。
[A] 嘲笑飞行的想法 [B] 像10年前一样吸取教训
[C] 发现太空旅行非他们所能及[D] 反对基本的科学规律

[精解] 答案C本题考查事实细节。倒数第二段谈到这些保守科学家时,作者指出:“一些人从来不吸取教训;他们60年前怀疑飞行的可能性,10年前耻笑飞往其他行星的想法,现在又满有把握地说恒星是我们永远不能及的。”据此,最为相近的答案应该是[C]。

15.从课文中,我们可以推出作者的意图是要说明_______。
[A] 我们技术的局限性 [B] 宇宙现实的广阔性
[C] 星际旅行的前景 [D] 时间和空间对心理上的影响

[精解] 答案C本题考查写作目的。综观全文,作者从无线电和光速谈起,批评了很多持保守态度的人,进而论证人类终将跨越宇宙鸿沟。文章最后描述未来星际旅行标志了人类跨越宇宙鸿沟的实现。可见,[C]是作者要说明的问题。

全文翻译
神奇的电话和电视网络将整个世界连结在一起,使所有的人都成了邻居,但是却不能延伸到宇宙中。你永远不可能和另一个星球上的人进行对话。即使有今天的无线电设备,信息传播也需要好几分钟,有时候甚至好几个小时,因为无线电和光波都是以每秒186, 000英里的有限速度传播。

20年后你能够听来自火星上的朋友说话,但是话从他口中说出至少要经过三分钟你才可以听到,你的回答也将经过相同的时间才能到达他耳中。在这样的状况下,交换语言信息是可能的,但是不可能对话。

对于一个认为即刻交流理所当然,并将其视为文明生活完整结构的一部分的文化来说,这种“时间障碍”可能会有深刻的心理影响。时间障碍(即无法和外星人进行对话)永远提醒我们不是所有的技术都能战胜普遍规律和限制。看起来非常确定的事情是:没有信号,更不用说物质,可以比光传播的速度快。

作为时空结构的一部分,光速是终极速度极限。在太阳系狭小的范围内,它不会给我们带来太严重的不便。最糟糕的情况也就是20小时,即无线电信号越过最远的冥王星的轨迹的时间。

正是当我们走到太阳系的界限之外的时候,我们开始面对着一个全新的宇宙秩序。即使在今天,许多在别的方面受过教育的人,像只能数到三而把三以上的数字都统称为四的野人,他们无法明白太阳系和恒星系的巨大不同。前者是围绕我们邻近的世界即行星的宇宙,后者是围绕那些遥远的恒星的宇宙。(后者比前者)确实大几百万倍,地球上的事物在规模上没有这样巨大的变化。

许多保守的科学家惊讶于这些宇宙鸿沟之大,因此否认跨越它们的可能性。有些人永远也不会进步:他们60年前怀疑飞行的可能性,10年前耻笑飞往其他行星的想法,现在又满有把握地说恒星是我们永远不能及的。他们再一次地错了,因为他们没有领悟我们这一时代的教训——如果某些东西从理论上说是可能的,并且没有一些基本的科学法则反对它的实现的话,它早晚都会实现。

有一天,我们会发现一种真正有效的航天器驱动方式。每一个技术发明都会发展到极限,而宇宙飞船的最终速度是光速。它们永远不会达到这个速度,但是它们将会与这个速度非常接近。那时,离地球最近的恒星用不了5年就可以到达。
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发表于 2008-5-9 14:19:15 |只看该作者

考研英语阅读理解:克隆人和动物

“I've never met a human worth cloning,” says cloning expert Mark Westhusin from the cramped confines of his lab at Texas A&M University. “It's a stupid endeavor.” That's an interesting choice of adjective, coming from a man who has spent millions of dollars trying to clone a 13-year-old dog named Missy. So far, he and his team have not succeeded, though they have cloned two calves and expect to clone a cat soon. They just might succeed in cloning Missy later this year—or perhaps not for another five years. It seems the reproductive system of man's best friend is one of the mysteries of modern science.

Westhusin's experience with cloning animals leaves him vexed by all this talk of human cloning. In three years of work on the Missyplicity project, using hundreds upon hundreds of canine eggs, the A&M team has produced only a dozen or so embryos carrying Missy's DNA. None have survived the transfer to a surrogate mother. The wastage of eggs and the many spontaneously aborted fetuses may be acceptable when you're dealing with cats or bulls, he argues, but not with humans. “Cloning is incredibly inefficient, and also dangerous,” he says.

Even so, dog cloning is a commercial opportunity, with a nice research payoff. Ever since Dolly the sheep was cloned in 1997, Westhusin's phone at A&M College of Veterinary Medicine has been ringing busily. Cost is no obstacle for customers like Missy's mysterious owner, who wishes to remain unknown to protect his privacy. He's plopped down $3.7 million so far to fund the research because he wants a twin to carry on Missys fine qualities after she dies. But he knows her clone may not have her temperament. In a statement of purpose, Missy's owner and the A&M team say they are “both looking forward to studying the ways that her clone differs from Missy.”

The fate of the dog samples will depend on Westhusin's work. He knows that even if he gets a dog viably pregnant, the offspring, should they survive, will face the problems shown at birth by other cloned animals: abnormalities like immature lungs and heart and weight problems. “Why would you ever want to clone humans,” Westhusin asks, “when were not even close to getting it worked out in animals yet?” [397 words]

6. Mr. Westhusin thinks cloning is dangerous because_____ .
[A] animals are tortured to death in the experiments
[B]the public has expressed strong disapproval
[C] too many lives are wasted for laboratory use
[D] cloning becomes a quest only for profit

7. What is the problem confronting the Missyplicity project?
[A] The client holds a suspicious view toward it.
[B] There is a lack of funds to support the research.
[C] The owner is unwilling to disclose the information.
[D] Cloning dogs is a difficult biological problem.

8. Which of the following is true about animal cloning?
[A]Few private cloning companies could afford it
[B]Few people have realized its significance.
[C] An exact copy of a cat or bull can be made.
[D] It is becoming a prosperous industry.

9. From the passage we can infer that _____.
[A] Mr. Westhusin is going to clone a dog soon
[B] scientists are pessimistic about human cloning
[C] human reproductive system has not been understood
[D] rich people are only interested in cloning animals

10. Mr. Westhusin seems to believe that cloning______.
[A] is stupid and should be abandoned
[B] has been close to success
[C] should be taken cautiously
[D] is now in a dilemma

核心词汇
confines n. limits or borders范围,界限;边界 例:the confines of human knowledge 人类的知识范围 / the confines of family life 家庭生活的范围

超纲词汇
aborted a. *① 流产的 ② 出问题的,出故障的
canine a. 犬的,犬科的
cramped a. 狭窄的,拥挤的 例:working in cramped conditions 在拥挤的环境里工作
embryo n. 胚胎
fetus n. 胎,胎儿
Missyplicity n.这是个临时造的词,是三个部分的合成:Missy指文中提到的那条狗密斯,
duplicate意为“复制”,ity为名词后缀
plop vi.&vt.(使)扑通一声落下 例:Can you plop some ice in my drink? 能在我的饮料中放点冰块吗? 文中是比喻用法,指“投入资金”
surrogate n.代理, 代理人,代用品 vt.使代理, 使代替;*surrogate mother 代理母体
veterinary a.兽医的 例:veterinary medicine/science兽医学
vexed a.*① 气恼的,烦恼的 例:the vexed parents of an unruly teenager因孩子难管教而气恼的父母 ②(问题等)争论不休的,难于解决的 例:vexed question/issue棘手的问题
viably ad. ① 可实施地,切实可行地 *② 能存活地,能生长发育地

长难句分析
1. That's an interesting choice of adjective, coming from a man who has spent millions of dollars trying to clone a 13-year-old dog named Missy.
该句主干是That's an interesting choice of adjective。现在分词短语coming from... 做后置定语,修饰前面的名词choice,相当于一个定语从句(which is)coming from... ;在分词短语中,定语从句who... 也做后置定语,修饰先行词a man。

2. He knows that even if he gets a dog viably pregnant, the offspring, should they survive, will face the problems shown at birth by other cloned animals: abnormalities like immature lungs and heart and weight problems.
该句主干是He knows that... 。that引导的宾语从句是一个主从复合句,且从句位于主句之前,主句是the offspring will face the problems... ;从句是让步状语从句:even if he gets a dog viably pregnant;should they survive是个省略了if的条件状语从句,为插入语,修饰主句。另外,主句的宾语the problems后接有过去分词短语shown... 做后置定语,相当于一个定义从句(that)are shown... ;冒号后的名词短语做the problems的同位语。

语篇分析
本文题材涉及生物技术。作者从克隆动物这个角度间接论证克隆人的不可行性,主张应该慎重对待克隆人研究。它是一篇观点论证型文章,按照“提出观点—论证观点—重申观点”的脉络展开论述,可分成三部分。
第一段为第一部分,提出观点:克隆人是不可行的。
引用专家Mark Westhusin和一位试图克隆其爱犬的富人的话(never met a human worth cloning,a stupid endeavor)表达作者的观点。接着介绍Mark Westhusin所进行的克隆动物的实验(two calves,a cat and a dog),并特别指出对狗的克隆最具难度(one of the mysteries of modern science)。
第二、三段为第二部分,论证观点。
第二段:指出Mark Westhusin克隆动物的经验使他极力反对克隆人(vexed by talking of human cloning)。首句是段落主题句。段中详细介绍了一个克隆狗的项目(the Missyplicity project)中出现的状况:①从成百上千的卵中只获得一打左右基因匹配的胚胎;②转移到母体时没有一个胚胎存活下来。从这些细节中可以推出,克隆是低效而且危险的。这在末句“Cloning is incredibly inefficient, and also dangerous”得到了证实。该段最后还给出了Mark Westhusin的观点:动物实验中的浪费现象在人的研究中不能被接受。因此,该段将Mark Westhusin反对克隆人的态度表露无疑。
第三段:分析指出,(虽然克隆是危险的)克隆狗仍然存在巨大的商机(a commercial opportunity)。首句是段落主题句,其中even so是转折标志词,表明该段与上一段在含义上存在转折。该段描述了“商机”的具体表现:电话频频响起(ringing busily)。接着分析存在商机的原因:①以Missy的主人为例指出,人们不惜花费巨资(cost is no obstacle; plopped down $3.7 billion);②同样以Missy的主人为例指出,客户与研究者能够达成共识(both looking forward to studying the ways)。
第四段为第三部分,重申观点:在克隆动物还远没有成功的情况下,克隆人是不可行的。
首先说明克隆狗存在的问题(face the problems shown at birth),然后引用专家Mark Westhusin的话否认目前存在克隆人的可行性(not close to getting worked out in animals yet, why want to clone humans)。

文章总体特点:
①开始和结尾都摆出了明确的观点,形成首尾呼应。②作者在文章中没有直接发表评论,而是借他人之语表达自己的观点和评价。③虽然作者的最终目的是反对克隆人,但却通过论证动物克隆技术的不成熟间接论证克隆人的不可行性。

试题命制分析
通过对文章的整体分析,我们可以从以下几个方面命题,考查考生的阅读理解能力。

1. 事实细节题
围绕狗Missy的细节:①年龄13岁;②还没有被成功地克隆;③克隆它的项目中已经使用了成百上千的犬科动物的卵,但只获得了一打左右有匹配基因的胚胎;④其主人为克隆它已经投入了370万美元;⑤其克隆体并不一定有同样的脾气和秉性。
关于克隆狗的概括性事实:①狗的生殖系统是现代科学中的一个神秘领域;②它是低效而且危险的;③具有很大的商机。
目前克隆动物存在的问题:①存活几率低(none have survived);②有先天性疾病(problems shown at birth; abnormalities)。
围绕Missy主人的细节:①富有并积极投资;②希望匿名以保护自己的隐私;③与研究团队达成共识,共同期待能研究Missy的克隆体与Missy本身的差异之处。
根据以上内容可以命制综合细节题,参见试题6和7;也可以命制正误判断题,参见试题8。

2. 作者观点、态度题
本文作者主要借Mark Westhusin的话来表达自己的观点,因此该人物的观点和态度与作者完全一致。
从全文第一句、第二段第一句和全文最后一句可以推出,Mark Westhusin(或作者)对克隆人持明确的否定态度。由第一段末话可知,作者认为,狗的克隆是生物学上的难题(one of the mysteries of modern science)。由于Mark Westhusin一直在从事动物克隆的研究,因此作者不可能对动物克隆持完全否定态度,但文中Mark Westhusin也多次提到动物克隆存在的危险,因此作者的态度应该是谨慎的。参见试题10。也可以考查Mark Westhusin(或作者)对待克隆的总体态度,如:[A] 克隆动物是愚蠢的;[B] 人类克隆还没有接近成功;[C] 克隆是低效的,应该被完全禁止;[D] 动物克隆可以,克隆人则不行。 (答案:[D])

3. 人物观点题。
文中还有一个次要人物就是狗Missy的主人,从他的言论及行为可以推出该人物的观点:①克隆人是愚蠢的行为;②狗的克隆应该得到大力支持。

4. 词义句意题
根据上下文推测第二段末句Cloning is incredibly inefficient, and also dangerous的隐含含义,如:[A] 实验室研究人员需要非常小心才能克隆成功;[B] 克隆动物可能死于疾病或感染;[C] 实验过程中浪费很多生命;[D] 克隆动物比正常的动物体质差。(答案:[C])

试题精解
6.威斯苏森先生认为克隆是危险的,因为_____。
[A] 实验中的动物被折磨至死 [B] 公众表达了强烈的不满
[C] 实验浪费了很多生命 [D] 克隆成为仅仅追求利益的行为

[精解] 答案C本题考查因果细节。根据题干定位到第二段末“Cloning... also dangerous”。其上文即该段倒数第二句中,威斯苏森先生指出,在猫或牛的克隆试验中,对动物卵的浪费以及许多动物的自然性流产都可以接受,但是克隆人就不行。因此可知,[C]是“危险”的真正含义。[A]中torture(折磨)一词无从推知;[B]项文中未提及;第三段首句虽然提到,狗的克隆有很大的商机,但不能由此推出[D]正确。

7.克隆密斯项目面临的问题是什么?
[A] 客户对它持怀疑态度。 [B] 没有足够的资金支持这项研究。
[C] 狗的主人不愿意透漏信息。[D] 狗的克隆是一个生物难题。

[精解] 答案D本题考查事实细节。题干中the Missyplicity project指克隆一只名叫密斯的狗的项目。第一段倒数第二句指出,克隆密斯可能成功也可能失败。该段最后一句解释其原因是:狗的生殖系统似乎是现代科学中一个神秘的领域。因此[D]为正确项。
第三段首句提到,克隆狗是一个商机,能带来丰厚的科研报酬。该段第三句又提到,对于像密斯的主人这样的消费者来说,高额的花销并不是什么障碍。由此可知,[B]不是项目存在的问题。[C]属于答非所问,第三段第三句提到,密斯的主人希望匿名以保护自己的隐私。但这对项目本身并不造成任何影响。[A]无从推知。

8.下面哪一项是关于动物克隆的正确说法?
[A] 很少有私人克隆公司能够承担。 [B] 很少有人意识到它的意义。
[C] 可以制造出与猫或牛一模一样的复制品。[D] 它正成为一个欣欣向荣的产业。

[精解] 答案D本题考查事实细节。第三段首句提到,克隆狗是能带来丰厚科研报酬的商机。下文无论是提到动医学院频繁接到的电话,还是举出一掷千金想克隆爱犬的富人的例子都是为了说明首句的观点。因此[D]正确。
第三段最后两句提到,密斯(狗)的克隆体与它本身存在差异之处。至于猫和牛的情况如何,文中没有涉及,排除[C]。[A]和[B]在文中也没有提及。

9.从文中我们可以推知_______。
[A] 威斯苏森很快将克隆出一只狗[B] 科学家对克隆人持悲观态度
[C] 人类的生殖系统还没有被了解[D] 富有的人只对克隆动物感兴趣

[精解] 答案B本题考查推理。文章一开始就引用专家威斯苏森的话,指出克隆人是愚蠢的尝试。第二段最后两句提到,克隆实验的低效性和危险性在克隆人中不可接受。文章末尾再次引用该专家的话,指出现在动物的研究还没成功,没有必要想到克隆人。由此可见以威斯苏森为代表的科学家对克隆人是持悲观态度的。[B]为正确项。
第一段最后两句提到,威斯苏森和他的团队可能会在年底成功克隆出密斯,也可能再过五年都不会成功。因此狗的克隆的成功是尚未确定的事情,排除[A]。第一段末句提到,狗的生殖系统是现代科学中神秘的领域。“人的生殖系统”在文中没有涉及,[C]无从推知。文中只提到一位富人有意克隆他的狗,但没有指出富人对克隆人不感兴趣,排除[D]。

10.威斯苏森先生似乎认为克隆________。
[A] 是愚蠢的,应该被放弃[B] 已经接近成功
[C] 应该谨慎对待 [D] 现在正处于进退维谷的境地

[精解] 答案C本题考查文中人物观点。注意题干问的是“克隆”,它包括了克隆人和克隆动物两个方面。第二段末句中,威斯苏森先生强调了克隆的低效性和危险性;文末他又指出,克隆动物的研究还没有接近成功时,更别提克隆人。因此,[C]概括了他对于克隆的整体态度。
文章第二句出现的a stupid endeavor是威斯苏森先生对克隆人的看法,不包括克隆动物,因此排除[A]。[B]与文章末句not yet close to getting it worked out相矛盾。从第二段倒数第二句可知,威斯苏森先生对于克隆动物是默许的,并不认为克隆处于进退维谷的境地,排除[D]。

全文翻译
“我还没有遇到一个值得克隆的人。” 克隆专家马克•威斯苏森在德克萨斯州农业机械大学空间狭小的实验室里说。“那是一种愚蠢的尝试。”有趣的是,这种用来形容克隆人的言辞竟然来自一位已花费数百万美金试图克隆一只13岁的名叫密斯的狗的人。到目前为止,他和他的团队还没有获得成功,尽管他们已经克隆出了两只牛并且正计划在短期内克隆出一只猫。他们可能会在年底成功克隆出密斯,也可能再过五年都不会成功。人类最亲密的朋友——狗的生殖系统似乎是现代科学中一个神秘的领域。

威斯苏森克隆动物的经验使他对克隆人的种种说法十分恼火。在研究“克隆密斯项目”的三年时间里,农业机械大学的团队使用了成百上千只犬科动物的卵,却仅仅获得了一打左右的带有密斯基因的胚胎,并且没有一个在被转移至克隆母体时存活下来。威斯苏森教授争辩道,在研究猫或牛的克隆试验中,对动物卵的浪费以及许多动物的自然性流产都是可以为人们所接受的,但是对于研究人来说就不行。他表示说,“克隆是十分低效的,而且也相当危险。”

尽管如此,克隆狗仍是一个商机,能带来丰厚的科研报酬。自从1997年多利羊克隆成功后,威斯苏森教授在农业机械大学兽医学院的电话就频频响起。对于像密斯的神秘主人这样的消费者来说,高额的花销并不是什么难题,他只是希望匿名以保护自己的隐私。到目前为止,他已经投入了370万美金来资助这项研究,因为他想要一个密斯的孪生子在它死后继承其优良品质。但是这位主人知道,密斯的克隆体不一定能有与它一样的脾气秉性。在一份用途声明中,密斯的主人和农业机械大学的团队表示,他们“共同期待能研究密斯的克隆体与它本身的差异之处。”

用于实验的狗的命运将由威斯苏森教授的工作来决定。他知道即使有一只狗能成功怀孕,它的后代,如果能幸存下来,一出生就要面对其他克隆动物所面临的问题:像肺部和心脏发育不全造成的畸形以及体重问题等等。威斯苏森教授质问道,“在我们克隆动物的研究还没有接近成功时,为什么还想到要克隆人呢?”
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发表于 2008-5-9 14:21:13 |只看该作者

考研英语阅读理解:儿童教育和沟通结合

Not long after the telephone was invented, I assume, a call was placed. The caller was a parent saying, “your child is bullying my child, and I want it stopped!” The bully's parent replied, “you must have the wrong number. My child is a little angel.”

A trillion phone calls later, the conversation is the same. When children are teased or tyrannized, the parental impulse is to grab the phone and rant. But these days, as studies in the U.S. show bullying on the rise and parental supervision on the decline, researchers who study bullying say that calling moms and dads is more futile than ever. Such calls often lead to playground recriminations and don't really teach our kids any lessons about how to navigate the world and resolve conflicts.

When you call parents, you want them to “extract the cruelty” from their bullying children, says Laura Kavesh, a child psychologist in Evanston, Illinois. “But many parents are blown away by the idea of their child being cruel. They wont believe it.” In a recent policedepartment survey in Oak Harbor, Washington, 89% of local high school students said they had engaged in bullying behavior. Yet only 18% of parents thought their children would act as bullies.

In a new U.S.PTA survey, 5% of parents support contacting other parents to deal with bullying. But many educators warn that those conversations can be misinterpreted, causing tempers to flare. Instead, they say, parents should get objective outsiders, like principals, to mediate.

Meanwhile, if you get a call from a parent who is angry about your child's bullying, listen without getting defensive. That's what Laura McHugh of Castro Valley, California, did when a caller told her that her then 13-year-old son had spit in another boy's food.Her son had confessed, but the victim's mom “wanted to make sure my son hadn't given her son a nasty disease,” says McHugh, who apologized and promised to get her son tested for AIDS and other diseases. She knew the chance of contracting any disease this way was remote, but her promise calmed the mother and showed McHugh's son that his bad behaviour was being taken seriously. McHugh, founder of Parents Coach Kids, a group that teaches parenting skills, sent the mom the test results. All were negative.

Remember: once you make a call, you might not like what you hear. If you have an itchy dialing finger, resist temptation. Put it in your pocket. [419 words]

1.The word “bullying” probably means______.
[A] frightening and hurting
[B] teasing
[C] behaving like a tyrant
[D] laughing at

2. Calling to a bully's parent.______.
[A]has long existed but changed its content
[B]is often done with careful thinking
[C]often leads to blaming and misunderstanding
[D]is used to warn the child not to do it again

3. According to the surveys in the U.S., _______.
[A] bullying among adults is also rising
[B] parents are not supervising their children well
[C] parents seldom believe bullies
[D] most parents resort to calling to deal with bullying

4. When bullying occurs, parents should_______.
[A] help the bulling child get rid of cruelty
[B] resort to the mediator
[C] avoid getting too protective
[D] resist the temptation of calling

5.Laura McHugh promised to get the bullied boy tested for diseases because________.
[A] her son confessed to being wrong
[B] she was afraid to annoy the boy's parent
[C]he was likely to be affected by these diseases
[D]she wanted to teach her own son a lesson

核心词汇
blow away *① to completely surprise sb., to affect intensely; overwhelm使大为惊讶;强烈影响,征服 例:That concert blew me away.音乐会震撼了我。 ② to defeat sb. completely, esp. in a game (尤指在比赛中)彻底战胜 例:Nancy blew away the rest of the skaters.南希战胜了其他的滑冰运动员。

bully n. [C] 恃强凌弱者;流氓,暴徒
vt. ① to threaten to hurt or frighten sb. weaker 欺侮例:He was bullied by the older boys at school. 他在学校里受到大孩子的欺负。 ② to use your strength or power to make sb. do sht. 恐吓, 胁迫 例: The manager tried to bully his men into working harder by threatening them with dismissal. 经理企图以解雇相威胁, 迫使职工更卖力气。

Contract n..[C] 契约;合同
vi. to become smaller or narrower缩小;收缩 例:Metal contracts as it becomes cool. 金属冷却时收缩。
*vt. to begin to have an illness患(病) 例:He contracted pneumonia.他得了肺炎。

flare vi. (也作flare up)① to suddenly begin to burn, or to burn more brightly for a short time 突然燃烧起来;(短暂地)烧旺 例:The match flared in the darkness.火柴在黑暗中突然着了一小会儿。 *②(感情等)突然爆发 例:Violence has flared up again in the Middle East. 中东又突然爆发了暴力事件。 ③(疾病)突然加剧 例:My asthma tends to flare up on smoggy days. 在烟雾天我的气喘往往会加剧。
n. [C] ① 闪光,瞬时的明亮火焰 ② 信号灯(弹)

resolve vt. * ① to find a satisfactory way of dealing with a problem or difficulty解决 例:There werent enough beds, but the matter was resolved by George sleeping on the sofa.床不够用,但乔治睡到沙发上问题就解决了。 ② to make a definite decision to do sth.(某人)决心,决定 例:After the divorce she resolved never to marry again.离婚以后,她下决心永不再嫁。 ③(委员会、会议等通过投票)作出决议,表决 例:The Senate resolved to accept the President's budget proposals by 70 votes to 30.参议院以70票对30票通过决议,同意总统的预算草案。
vi. 下决心,决定 例:He resolved on/against (making) an early start. 他决定(不)早出发.

超纲词汇
itchy a. 使人发痒的
mediate *v. 斡旋,调停 a. 居中的,间接的
rant n./v. 怒吼,咆哮,大声抱怨
recrimination n. *① 反诘,互相指责 ② 反控告
tyrannize vt. ① 对……施行暴政 *②专横地对待

长难句分析
1.That's what Laura McHugh of Castro Valley, California, did when a caller told her that her then 13 year-old son had spit in another boy's food.
该句主干是That's what...。在what引导的表语从句中,其主干成分为Laura McHugh did,of Castro Valley, California是一个介词短语,做后置定语,修饰主语Laura McHugh; when引导的时间状语从句修饰谓语did。

2.She knew the chance of contracting any disease this way was remote, but her promise calmed the mother and showed McHughs son that his bad behavior was being taken seriously.
该句是由but引导的并列句。前一分句的主干是She knew (that)...,宾语从句中的主干为the chance was remote,介词短语of... this way做后置定语修饰主语chance;后一句的主句是her promise calmed the mother and showed McHughs son that...,that引导的宾语从句做动词show的宾语,构成show sb. sth.的结构,sb.为间接宾语,sth.为直接宾语,这里的直接宾语为that从句。

语篇分析
本文题材涉及儿童教育,作者试图教导家长如何正确处理孩子被欺负这一问题。它是一篇现象解释型文章,按照“指出现象—解释现象—提出解决方案”的脉络展开论述,可以分成三大部分。
第一段为第一部分,指出现象:受欺负的孩子的家长打电话投诉,希望对方家长能管教好自己的孩子,但对方家长不以为然。句子You must have the wrong number. My child is a little angel体现了欺负人的孩子的家长对此问题的态度。
[b第二、三段为第二部分,解释现象:打电话投诉的方式对解决孩子之间的冲突起不了作用。
第二段:引用了两类研究结果。一类研究结果表明:仗势欺人现象在增多而家长管教却在减少(bullying on the rise and parental supervision on the decline)。另一类研究结果表明:①家长的投诉电话毫无用处(more futile than ever);②这种电话常导致相互指责(lead to recriminations);③达不到教育孩子的目的(not teach our kids any lessons)。
第三段:引用心理学家Laura Kavesh的观点指出,一方面,受欺负的孩子的家长打电话的目的是希望对方家长帮助其孩子改掉坏毛病(extract the cruelty);另一方面,接到电话的家长却很少相信(blow away)自己的孩子会欺负别人。作者进而用警察局调查结果的数据(89% students engaged in bullying,18% parents thought children bully)支持Laura的观点。
第四、五、六段为第三部分,解决问题:建议家长双方正确对待这一问题。
第四段:提出了第一种解决方法,即希望通过客观的局外人(objective outsider)来调解(mediate),而不是当事人双方直接联系。
第五段:提出了第二种解决方法,即家长学会耐心倾听(listen without getting defensive)。列举了“父母教导孩子组织”的创始人Laura McHugh处理问题的实例进而教育家长该怎么做:①认真倾听;②积极处理;③通过严肃处理事情借以教育孩子,这与第二段末句中“dont really teach our kids any lessons”对应起来了。
第六段:呼应开始部分,用警句的形式,告诫家长不要采取打电话投诉这种解决方式。

试题命制分析
通过对文章的整体分析,我们可以从以下几个方面命题,考查考生的阅读理解能力。
1. 事实细节题
(1) 可以考查“打电话投诉”这种行为的结果,参见试题2。
(2) 在文中,作者列举了两类研究结果(第二段)、两个专家的观点(第三段和第五段)以及两个调查结果(第三段和第四段),可以综合考查,参见试题3。
(3) 针对文中提出的解决方案,可以综合考查,参见考题4。此外,也可以采用判断正误的形式进行考查,如:以下哪一项是错误的?[A] 想打电话的家长要克制自己的行为;[B] 受欺负的孩子的家长应该直接联系当事人;[C] 接听电话的家长需要耐心倾听;[D] 需通过客观的局外人来调解。(答案:[B])
(4) 可以考查Laura McHugh的身份,如:[A] 儿童心理学家;[B] 研究父母如何教育孩子的专家;[C] 一个欺负人的孩子的母亲;[D] 某个社区组织的创始人。(答案:[C])
(5) 还可以考查最后一段中所举实例的具体细节,参见试题5。

2. 推理引申题
(1) 针对第一段末句You must have the wrong number. My child is a little angel考查接到电话的家长的态度。
(2) 可以考查第二段第一句的暗含信息,即,家长之间的投诉电话长久以来就存在,而且其内容没有改变。
(3) 针对两次调查结果的数据(89% of students and only 18% of parents;5% parents),可以推理家长的态度。

3. 词义句意题
(1) bully一词在全文反复出现,可以就其语意进行考查。参见试题1。
(2) 可以考查考生根据上下文推测第二段末句中playground recrimination的具体含义。

4. 作者写作目的题
可以考查末段中引用Laura McHugh的实例的目的。

试题精解
1. 单词bullying可能的含义是________。
[A] 恐吓和伤害 [B] 取笑 [C] 表现得像暴君一样 [D] 嘲笑

[精解] 答案A本题考查根据上下文猜测词义。文章首段双方家长的对话中出现的“bullying my child”与“My child is a little angel”相互对照,说明 bullying是坏孩子的行为。第三段中提到打电话的目的是“想让对方改掉他们孩子的残忍行为”,cruelty一词说明了bullying的特点。此外第五段给出了bullying的具体事例:把痰吐到另外一个孩子的饭里。因此可推知[A]项“恐吓伤害”为正确答案。[B]项虽然出现在第二段中,[D]项与其近义,但却都只是其中一种形式,不足以概括所有的行为。[C]项含义不正确。

2. 打电话给恃强欺弱者的父母________。
[A] (这种做法)长期存在但内容有了改变 [B] 经常是通过仔细考虑后才做
[C] 常常导致责备和误解 [D] 被用来警告这个孩子不要再做

[精解] 答案C本题考查事实细节。第一段提到,打电话给恃强欺弱者的父母的做法自有电话以来就长期存在了。第二段首句提到,这样的电话不计其数,但谈话内容却一样。由此排除[A]项。第二段第二句提到,冲动的父母抓起电话,大声抱怨。排除[B]项。第二段末句提到,这样的电话常常只导致责备;第四段第二句提到,专家指出它可能会被误解,使对方勃然大怒。由此可知[C]项正确。[D]项未提。

3. 根据美国的调查表明,______。
[A] 成人中的恃强欺弱现象也在增加 [B] 父母没有很好地看管他们的孩子
[C] 父母很少相信恃强欺弱者 [D] 大部分父母打电话解决恃强欺弱问题

[精解] 答案B本题考查事实细节。第二段第三句提到,研究表明恃强欺弱现象增加,父母看管减少,因此[B]项正确,[A]项无从得知。第三段最后用数据说明,父母很少相信自己的孩子会恃强欺弱。[C]项换成了不相信恃强欺弱者本身,错误。第四段首句提到,研究表明5%的父母支持找家长解决恃强欺弱问题。[D]项错在most(大部分),与事实不符。

4. 当恃强欺弱问题发生时,父母应该_______。
[A] 帮助恃强欺弱的孩子改掉残忍的行为 [B] 求助调停者的帮助
[C] 避免变得太过自我保护 [D] 抵挡打电话的诱惑

[精解] 答案B本题考查作者观点。第三段首句提到,受欺负的孩子的家长打电话是希望对方家长能改正其孩子恃强欺弱的毛病。可见,[A]项并不是作者的观点。第五段首句提到,接到电话的家长不要自我保护。第六段提到,如果你想拨电话,一定要忍住诱惑。显然[C]和[D]项是分别针对“接到电话”和“打电话”的家长而言的。只有[B]项在第四段提到,是教育者对双方家长给出的建议,因此也是作者同意的观点。

5. 劳拉•麦休许诺让受到欺负的孩子做疾病测试是因为_________。
[A] 她儿子承认他错了 [B] 她害怕惹怒男孩的家长
[C] 他可能会被这些疾病感染 [D] 她想给儿子一个教训

[精解] 答案D本题考查第五段的细节。该段举例说明应如何正确对待一位愤怒的家长的电话。该段倒数第三句提到,麦休许诺让受欺负的孩子做疾病测试,不仅让其母亲平静下来,也让自己的儿子知道父母是非常严肃地对待他的恶劣行为。由此可知[D]项正确。

全文翻译
我认为,电话发明后不久,就有人就打这样的电话。打电话的是一位家长,他(她)说:“你的孩子在欺负我的孩子,我希望这样的事情不要再发生!”而这位仗势欺人的孩子的家长却回答到:“你一定拨错号码了,我的孩子是个小天使。”

自此以后,这样的电话不计其数,但电话内容却没有改变。当孩子遭到取笑或被蛮横对待时,父母的本能反应都是抓起电话,大声抱怨。但是最近,当美国的研究表明以强凌弱现象在增多而父母的管教在减少时,以强凌弱现象的研究者们却发现给父母打电话毫无用处。这样的电话常常只导致责备,并不能真正教育孩子如何在世界上生存和解决冲突。

伊利诺斯州伊文斯顿市区的儿童心理学家劳拉•卡维许说,“当你打电话给仗势欺人的孩子的父母时,你是想让对方改正他们孩子的残忍行为。但是许多父母对自己孩子有这样的行为感到非常震惊,他们不愿意相信”。最近警察部门在华盛顿橡木港口进行的调查显示,当地89%的高中生承认有过仗势欺人的行为。但只有18%的家长认为他们的孩子会成为仗势欺人者。

在美国家长与教师联合会新的调查中,5%的家长认为应当通过与其他家长联系来解决以强凌弱问题。但是很多专家警告说这样的对话可能会被误解,使对方勃然大怒。相反,他们认为家长应该找较客观的旁观者如学校校长等来进行调解。

同时,如果接到了一位对你的孩子仗势欺人的行为感到愤怒的家长的电话,你应该倾听,而不是一心想自卫。当加里福尼亚卡斯楚谷市的劳拉•麦休接到电话,被告知她13岁的儿子朝另外一个孩子的食物中吐吐沫时,她就这样做了。她儿子已经承认了。麦休说,“但受害者的母亲想确保我儿子没有传染给她儿子什么严重的疾病”。她道歉并许诺让这个男孩做艾滋和其他严重疾病的测试。她知道通过那种方式传染疾病的几率非常小,但她的许诺使对方母亲平静了下来,并且也让自己的儿子知道父母非常严肃地对待他的恶劣行为。麦休是教授父母技能的“父母教导孩子”组织的创始人。她将测试结果送给那位母亲,所有项目都显示阴性。

记住:一旦打电话,你可能会听到不想听的话。如果你手指发痒,忍住。把手放在口袋里。
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14#
发表于 2008-5-9 14:24:56 |只看该作者

考研英语辅导:阅读理解模拟练习01

The Indian finance ministry's mid-year review, released this week, sees the external sector as a silver lining around the country's huge fiscal deficit. "Buoyant" and "encouraging" are the words used to describe three consecutive quarters of current-account surplus--the first in a quarter-century. Add to that swelling foreign-exchange reserves and a stronger rupee, and some are arguing that it is time for drastic liberalisation of India's foreign-exchange regime. They could be disappointed.
  For most of the past decade, the nominal value of the rupee has been allowed to decline gently against the dollar, by about 5% a year, thus staying fairly steady in real terms. This year, however, it has been appreciating in real terms (and, since June, nominally as well). It would have done so more sharply had the central bank not been buying dollars with gusto. Exporters of manufactured goods, obsessed with price competition from China, are aghast at the rise--and at the prospect held out by some forecasters that a sustained boom in India's IT exports means it will continue.

  The rupee's recent strength is only partly related to India's prowess in software and the mushrooming of "business-process outsourcing" in such projects as call-centres. The chunky surplus on invisibles owes more to remittances: non-resident Indians, attracted by the stability of the rupee and its higher interest rates, have been moving their offshore deposits back home. Similarly, Indian companies are borrowing more in dollars without selling rupees forward to hedge repayments. The trade deficit, meanwhile, has been shrinking, as imports grow slowly.

  The inflows have boosted foreign-exchange reserves by some $20 billion this year, to $66 billion, or 12 months'-worth of imports. The size of this cushion has triggered some calls for further liberalisation of the labyrinthine foreign-exchange controls that India still maintains, despite the move in 1993 towards rupee convertibility for trade purposes. In recent months, some controls have duly been eased. It is now simpler, for example, for individuals to open foreign-currency bank accounts, and for travellers to get hold of foreign exchange. And non-resident Indians have been allowed to take out money acquired through inheritance, or from rents and dividends.

  Some commentators have taken all this as a harbinger of full capital-account convertibility. That is not on the cards. The experience of 1991, when India ran out of money, has left the central bank prone to caution--an approach it felt was vindicated by the East Asian crisis of 1997-98. With war in Iraq looming and a turbulent oil market, some risk aversion is understandable. India's fiscal deficit--some 10% of GDP and widening--is another reason for moving slowly. Just as one rating agency, Moody's, is considering upgrading India's external debt, another, Fitch, has warned that its local-currency rating is under threat. Nor is it certain that opening the capital account would mean a weaker rupee. It might even attract more capital inflows. As India's exporters are learning, convertibility is a two-way street.

1.The expression "silver lining" (Line 2, Paragraph 1) most probably means______.

A. a side effect
B. a favorable aspect
C. a decorative line
D. a comforting prospect

2.According to the text, the appreciation of the rupee in real terms__________.

A. will lower its nominal value
B. is bad news to exporters of manufactured goods
C. means a sharper decline of its nominal value against the dollar
D. will give impetus to the development of India's IT industry

3.The current account surplus owes to the following EXCEPT_________.

A. the strength of the rupee
B. the remittances of non-resident Indians
C. the hedging activity of Indian companies
D. the growing imports

4.Which of the following is true according to the text?

A. India's foreign exchange reserves increased more than three times this year.
B. Individuals are now allowed to trade foreign currency freely.
C. India now can tackle adverse events in the foreign exchange market better
D. India's foreign exchange controls are seen as a hamper to its economic development.

5.Which of the follow is NOT a reason for India's slow response to calls for liberalization of its foreign exchange?

A. Its increasing foreign reserve.
B. Its past experience.
C. Uncertainty of the oil market.
D. Its growing fiscal deficit.

词汇注释
silver lining 一线希望
buoyant adj. 趋于上升的(价格)
rupee n. 卢比(印度、巴基斯坦等国的货币)
liberalization n. 自由化; 放宽限制
nominal adj. 属于、关于或是一笔钱或者股票证券的票面价值量的
appreciate v. 增值, 涨价
gusto n. 兴致勃勃;热情
aghast adj. 惊骇的, 吓呆的
prowess n. 卓越的技能;杰出的才能;本领
mushrooming n. 迅速增长, 激烈增殖
outsourcing n. [商]外部采办,外购
chunky adj. 结实的;厚实的
remittance n. 汇款, 汇寄之款, 汇款额
offshore adj. 海外的,国外的
hedge n. 保值措施,套期保值
cushion n. 缓冲减轻或缓和不利后果的东西
labyrinthine adj. 迷宫(似)的, 曲折的
convertibility n. 可兑换性
dividend n. 股息, 红利
harbinger n. 先驱, 预兆
prone adj. 倾向于
vindicate v. 证明...正当
loom v. 隐现, 迫近
turbulent adj. 动荡的;难控制的
aversion n. 指转向或转移的行为

难句突破
1. The size of this cushion has triggered some calls for further liberalisation of the labyrinthine foreign-exchange controls that India still maintains, despite the move in 1993 towards rupee convertibility for trade purposes.
主体句式:The size of this cushion has triggered some calls...
结构分析:这一句虽然也包含一个定语从句,但结构并不算太复杂,容易造成理解困难的是cushion, labyrinthine这两个词。Cushion原意是"垫子",这里引申为"缓冲不利后果的东西;保障",labyrinthine的意思是"复杂的;迷宫般的"。
句子译文:尽管在1993年印度已允许进行以贸易为目的的卢比兑换,但印度目前的外汇控制如迷宫般复杂。现在有了这样的巨额储备作保障,一些人开始呼吁印度政府进一步放开现有外汇控制。

2. The experience of 1991, when India ran out of money, has left the central bank prone to caution--an approach it felt was vindicated by the East Asian crisis of 1997-98.
主体句式:The experience...has left the central bank prone to caution.
结构分析:这个句子是个复杂句,句中有一个以when引导的,修饰1991的定语从句和一个省略了that的,修饰approach的定语从句。
句子译文:1991年印度用完外汇储备的经历使中央银行倾向于谨慎方式-1997-98年的东亚危机证实了这种方式的正确性。
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15#
发表于 2008-5-9 14:25:56 |只看该作者

考研英语辅导:阅读理解模拟练习02

WHAT do you do when everyone hates you? That is the problem faced by America's pharmaceutical industry. Despite its successes in treating disease and extending longevity, soaring health-care costs and bumper profits mean that big drug firms are widely viewed as exploitative, and regarded almost as unfavourably as tobacco and oil firms (see chart). Last week, at a conference organised by The Economist in Philadelphia, the drug industry was offered some advice from an unlikely source: a tobacco firm. Steven Parrish of Altria, the conglomerate that includes Philip Morris, gave his perspective on how an industry can improve its tarnished public image.

  Comparing the tobacco and pharmaceutical industries might seem absurd, or even offensive. "Their products kill people. Our products save people's lives," says Alan Holmer, the head of the Pharmaceutical Research and Manufacturers of America, an industry association. Yet the drug giants currently face an unprecedented onslaught of class-action lawsuits and public scrutiny; industry bosses are being grilled by lawmakers asking who knew what and when. It is all reminiscent of what happened to the tobacco industry in 1994.

  Mr Parrish advised drug firms to abandon their bunker mentality and engage with their critics. Rather than arguing about the past, he said, it is better to move on, and give people something new to think about. (Philip Morris now acknowledges, for example, that cigarettes are addictive and deadly, and is trying to develop less harmful products.) Not everyone is open to persuasion, so focus on those who are, he said. But changing opinions takes time and demands deeds as well as words: "This is not about spin, this is about change."

  The pharmaceutical industry is pursuing a range of initiatives to mollify its critics, Mr Holmer noted in his own speech. But Mr Parrish suggested that speaking with one voice through a trade association might be counter-productive, since it can give the impression that the industry is a monolithic cartel. And too much advertising, he said, can actually antagonise people further.

  The audience was generally receptive, claims Mr Parrish. This is not the first time he has offered his thoughts on dealing with implacable critics. At a conference at the University of Michigan last year, he offered America's State Department advice on improving America's image in the Middle East. So does his prescription work? There has been a positive shift in attitudes towards tobacco firms, if only a small one. But at least, for once, a tobacco firm is peddling a cure, rather than a disease.

  1.Why is America’s pharmaceutical industry so unpopular?
  A. Because it, like tobacco and oil firms, does harm to people’s health and environment.
  B. Because it fails to cure disease and make people live longer.
  C. Because the prices of its products are too high and its profit margin is too wide.
  D. Because it exploits its employees.

  2.Alan Holmer is quoted to illustrate that __________.
  A. the comparison between tobacco and pharmaceutical industries might seem ridiculous, or even insulting
  B. the pharmaceutical industries agree that they are similar to tobacco industry
  C. tobacco products do more harm to people than pharmaceutical products
  D. pharmaceutical industries are currently facing lots of problems

  3.According to the text, Mr. Parrish gives the following suggestions to drug firms except______.
  A. To acknowledge the problems and try to do something to improve their images.
  B. Not to react to the public in one voice through the drug association.
  C. Not to care about the past.
  D. To try to spend time and energy to persuade the majority of the audience who are open to persuasion.

  4.The word “mollify” (Line 1, Paragraph 4) might mean?
  A. placate.
  B. enrage.
  C. fight.
  D. relieve.

  5.What does the author imply by saying “This is not the first time he has offered his thoughts on dealing with implacable critics.”?
  A. Mr. Parrish has offered his advice to other on dealing with tough critics for several times.
  B. Mr. Parrish has dealt successfully with other critics himself.
  C. Mr. Parrish has given sound advice to drug firms.
  D. Mr. Parrish has been of help to others on critical moments.

词汇注释
pharmaceutical adj. 制药的
longevity n. 长寿,寿命
soaring adj. 飞涨的
bumper adj. 丰厚的
exploitative adj. 剥削的
conglomerate n. 集团企业
tarnished adj. 受到玷污的,
unprecedented adj. 空前的
onslaught n. 冲击
class-action n. 共同起诉
lawsuit n. 诉讼
scrutiny n. 详细审查
grill v. 严加盘问
reminiscent adj. 回忆往事的
bunker n. 掩蔽,掩体
mentality n. 心理,思想情况
addictive adj. 上瘾的
initiative n. 主动
monolithic adj. 巨大的
cartel n. 企业联合
antagonize v. 是反抗,使敌对
receptive adj. 善于接受的
implacable adj. 不缓和的
peddle v. 叫卖,散播

难句突破
1.Despite its successes in treating disease and extending longevity, soaring health-care costs and bumper profits mean that big drug firms are widely viewed as exploitative, and regarded almost as unfavourably as tobacco and oil firms (see chart).
主体句式:soaring health-care costs and bumper profits mean that…
结构分析:该句的难点是结构复杂。句子开头部分的介词短语“Despite its successes in treating disease and extending longevity,”用作让步状语;“soaring health-care costs and bumper profits”为本句的并列主语;“that big drug firms are widely viewed as exploitative, and regarded almost as unfavourably as tobacco and oil firms (see chart).”该部分是“mean”的宾语从句。但其中有并列谓语:“viewed as...” 和“regarded as…”;“regarded as…”又有同级比较成份“regarded almost as unfavourably as tobacco and oil firms”将制药业归入同烟草业和石油业一样不受人欢迎的行业。
句子译文:虽然在治疗疾病和延长寿命方面这一行业做得很成功,但高昂的医疗保健成本和丰厚的利润意味着大型制药企业被普遍视为剥削者,其声誉几乎和烟草以及石油公司一样差(见图)。
2.Mr Parrish advised drug firms to abandon their bunker mentality and engage with their critics.(line 1, paragraph 3)
主体句式:Parrish advised … firms to abandon … and engage …
结构分析:本句的难点是如何正确理解bunker mentality和engage with their critics. 即使不知道这两个短语的意思,也可以通过下文细节句:Rather than arguing about the past, he said, it is better to move on, and give people something new to think about. (Philip Morris now acknowledges, for example, that cigarettes are addictive and deadly, and is trying to develop less harmful products.)他建议说,不要对过去纠缠不清,而是要继续发展,这样才能让民众淡忘过去,看到进步。(菲利普•莫里斯现在承认吸烟上瘾,也能致命,并宣称他们正努力开发危害性较小的产品。)从这个细节句中可以分析出他建议制药业也采取烟草业的做法,承认错误,并提出改进措施。 “bunker”表示“掩体”同”mentality”一起表示“掩饰错误的心理”。engage with 表示“与…交锋”。
句子译文:帕里什建议制药商摈弃他们那种文过饰非的心理,正面回应批评。

答案:C A D A C

篇章剖析
本篇文章介绍了烟草商帕里什就制药商受民众指责问题,提出的若干建议。
第一段作者介绍了制药业面临的危机,并引出来自烟草公司的建议。
第二段介绍了制药业对这一建议来源的反应以及制药业面临的困境。
第三段介绍了帕里什给出的第一条建议:不要回避批评,而是要正面回应批评。
第四段针对制药也采取的一致口径,帕里甚至出这种做法容易引起人们的反感。
第五段作者评价了帕里什的建议。

题目分析
1.答案是C,属推理判断题。第一段第2—4行“Despite its successes in treating disease and extending longevity, soaring health-care costs and bumper profits mean that big drug firms are widely viewed as exploitative, and regarded almost as unfavourably as tobacco and oil firms (see chart).”一句中的“soaring health-care costs and bumper profits”是正确回答该问题的关键。“Soaring” 表示“飞涨的”。“bumper” 表示通常表示“丰盛的,丰收的”例如,“a bumper crop”表示“大丰收”;但该词在本句中与“profits”连用,表示“丰厚的利润”。
2.答案是A,属推理判断题。该题的关键在于正确判断出第二段第一句是概括句,而紧随其
后的引言是细节句。细节句是为说明概括句服务的。由此可以看出引言是用来说明“Comparing the tobacco and pharmaceutical industries might seem absurd, or even offensive.”。
3.答案是D,属推理判断题。本题的关键在于正确理解第三、第四段中帕尔什提出的几条建
议。根据关键词:advice及其同义词和句型suggest,better to, so do sth.等,我们可以从第三段和第四段中挑出以下句子,如果能正确理解这些句子,就能顺利完成该题。第三段第一句话:“Mr Parrish advised drug firms to abandon their bunker mentality and engage with their critics.” “帕里什先生建议制药商摈弃他们的掩蔽心理,正面回应批评。”“Rather than arguing about the past, he said, it is better to move on, and give people something new to think about.” “他建议说,不要对过去纠缠不清,而是要继续发展,这样才能让民众淡忘过去的一切,看到进步。” “Not everyone is open to persuasion, so focus on those who are, he said.”“帕里什还指出,并不是人人都能被说服的。因此集中精力说服那些听的进取的人。”But Mr Parrish suggested that speaking with one voice through a trade association might be counter-productive, “但帕里什先生说,通过行业协会发布一致看法有可能适得其反”。
4.答案是A,属猜词题。根据上文提到的对制药业的批评,可以判断“The pharmaceutical
industry is pursuing a range of initiatives to mollify its critics ”中的“mollify its critics”表示“平息批评”。
5.答案是C,属推理判断题。 从本句“This is not the first time he has offered his thoughts on dealing with implacable critics.”,以及下面举出的例子:他为美国国务院提建议。结合在一起可以看出作者隐含的意思是:他认为帕里什先生为制药业提的建议有道理,会奏效。

参考译文
要是所有人都讨厌你,你该怎么办?如今美国的制药行业就面临这一难题。虽然在治疗疾病和延长寿命方面这一行业做得很成功,但高昂的医疗保健成本和丰厚的利润意味着大型制药企业被普遍视为剥削者,其声誉几乎和烟草以及石油公司一样差。上周,在一个由《经济学人》组织的费城会议上,制药行业得到了一些建议,而建议的提出者多少有些出人意料:一家烟草公司。斯蒂文•帕里什来自麾下拥有菲利普•莫里斯集团的埃尔特利亚集团,他就一个行业如何改善自己不佳的公众形象提出了自己的见解。

将烟草和制药业进行对比看似荒谬,甚至令人不快。“他们的产品会致人死亡。我们的产品却会救人性命,”艾伦•霍尔默说道。他是一家行业协会“美国药物研究和生产联合会”的主席。不过这些制药巨头目前面临的是前所未有的共同起诉和公众审查的冲击。这些公司大老板不得不面对立法者们的严厉盘问:都知道些什么,何时发生的。这一切不禁让人回想起1994年烟草业的遭遇。

帕里什建议制药商摈弃他们那种文过饰非的心理,正面回应批评。他建议说,不要对过去纠缠不清,而是要继续发展,这样才能让民众淡忘过去,看到进步。(菲利普•莫里斯现在承认吸烟会让人上瘾,也能致命,并宣称他们正努力开发危害性较小的产品。)帕里什还指出,并不是人人都能被说服的。因此集中精力说服那些听的进去的人。然而改变人们的看法不仅需要时间、行动,更需要反复劝说:“现在要的不是兜圈子,而是要改变。”

赫尔玛在演讲中指出,制药业正采取各种行动平息公众的批评。但帕里什说,通过行业协会发布一致看法有可能适得其反,因为这容易使人们将烟草业看成垄断企业联合体。他还指出,过多的广告会进一步加深民众的反感情绪。

帕里什先生说,绝大多数民众是能被说服的。这不是他第一次为解决难以化解的危机出谋划策。去年,在密歇根大学举行的一次研讨会上,就如何改善美国在中东地区的形象问题,他曾为美国国务院献计献策。他开的药方会奏效吗?无论药方是否奏效,人们对烟草商的态度有所好转,尽管只是稍稍有所好转。 毕竟这是烟草商破天荒第一次兜售治病良方,而不是传播疾病。
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发表于 2008-5-9 14:26:47 |只看该作者

考研英语辅导:阅读理解模拟练习03

In spite of "endless talk of difference," American society is an amazing machine for homogenizing people. There is "the democratizing uniformity of dress and discourse, and the casualness and absence of consumption" launched by the 19th--century department stores that offered "vast arrays of goods in an elegant atmosphere. Instead of intimate shops catering to a knowledgeable elite." these were stores "anyone could enter, regardless of class or background. This turned shopping into a public and democratic act." The mass media, advertising and sports are other forces for homogenization.

  Immigrants are quickly fitting into this common culture, which may not be altogether elevating but is hardly poisonous. Writing for the National Immigration Forum, Gregory Rodriguez reports that today's immigration is neither at unprecedented level nor resistant to assimilation. In 1998 immigrants were 9.8 percent of population; in 1900, 13.6 percent .In the 10 years prior to 1990, 3.1 immigrants arrived for every 1,000 residents; in the 10years prior to 1890, 9.2 for every 1,000. Now, consider three indices of assimilation -language, home ownership and intermarriage.

  The 1990 Census revealed that "a majority of immigrants from each of the fifteen most common countries of origin spoke English ‘well' or ‘very well' after ten years of residence." The children of immigrants tend to be bilingual and proficient in English. "By the third generation, the original language is lost in the majority of immigrant families." Hence the description of America as a "graveyard" for languages. By 1996 foreign-born immigrants who had arrived before 1970 had a home ownership rate of 75.6 percent, higher than the 69.8 percent rate among native-born Americans.

  Foreign-born Asians and Hispanics "have higher rates of intermarriage than do U.S -born whites and blacks." By the third generation, one third of Hispanic women are married to non-Hispanics, and 41 percent of Asian-American women are married to non-Asians.

  Rodriguez note that children in remote villages around the world are fans of superstars like Arnold Schwarzenegger and Garth Brooks, yet "some Americans fear that immigrant living within the United States remain somehow immune to the nation's assimilative power."

  Are there divisive issues and pockets of seething anger in America? Indeed. It is big enough to have a bit of everything. But particularly when viewed against America's turbulent past, today's social induces suggest a dark and deteriorating social environment.


1.The word "homogenizing" (Line 2, Paragraph 1) most probably means
[A] identifying
[B] associating
[C] assimilating
[D] monopolizing

2. According to the author, the department stores of the 19th century
[A] played a role in the spread of popular culture.
[B] became intimate shops for common consumers.
[C] satisfied the needs of a knowledgeable elite.
[D] owed its emergence to the culture of consumption

3.The text suggests that immigrants now in the U.S.
[A] are resistant to homogenization.
[B] exert a great influence on American culture.
[C] are hardly a threat to the common culture.
[D] constitute the majority of the population.

4. Why are Arnold Schwarzenegger and Garth Brooks mentioned in Paragraph 5?
[A] To prove their popularity around the world.
[B] To reveal the public's fear of immigrants.
[C] To give examples of successful immigrants.
[D] To show the powerful influence of American culture.

5.In the author's opinion, the absorption of immigrants into American society is
[A] rewarding.
[B] successful.
[C] fruitless.
[D] harmful.

〔背景介绍〕

文章类型:人文科学,美国文化

本文主要涉及美国民主的社会氛围。通过对移民本土化现象说明了美国文化的融合性。

〔结构分析〕

第一段提到从三个方面会讲到美国种族融合的具体表现,第一个是大众传媒、第二个是广告、第三个是体育,这些是一些具体的力量,能够促进一致化,人种变得一致的因素。

第二段主要是举一些数字例子来讲一下美国现在的外来人口移民融入美国社会和一百年前基本类似。最后提到要从三个方面考虑,第一个外来移民的语言问题,第二他们是否在美国拥有房子,第三种族之间的通婚。

在后面的几段,又通过数字例子进行了论述。总体而言,还是提到美国人口的融入是一个普遍现象。

〔题目解析〕

1. [C] 词义题

首先从词的构成来看,这个词由两个部分构成,第一部分是"homo",这表示"相同的",后面有一个"genizing",这个词缀表示和它统一,表示基因上或者其他方面的一致,通过这个词你可以大概知道这个词的大概意思是表示"类似"或者"相同"的意思。其次即使考生不认识,通过上文的 in spite of (表征让步,后面连接的词肯定和它表述的意思相反),可得知本词应和difference是反义词;我们还可以从下文的解释中找到同义词 "uniformity"。因此本题应选择答案C "assimilating"。


2. [A] 细节事实题

根据题干中的19世纪定位到第一段。B和C明显与原文相反,而D选项又是我们命题专家惯用的一种诱惑手段---因果颠倒,乍一看都是文中讲述过的,但是他把原因作结果讲了,因此也是错误的,这需要考生仔细阅读选项。因此该题选A。另外根据我们的解题思路无法确定就和文章或者段落的主题相联系,哪个最接近,那个就是正确答案。以本题为例,首段是典型的总分总结构,当中举出商场这个例子,例子不重要,为了还是说明主题美国文化的特点--同化性。一看选项只有A相关,当然应该毫不犹豫的选择选项A。


3. [C] 推理题

题干中有明确的定位信息"immigrants now in the U.S.",这就降低了本题的难度,快速定位到第二段。选项A与二段第二句"nor resistant to assimilation"明显相反;选项B与二段首句"not be altogether elevating"相反;文中只讲述了三个同化的标志"language, home ownership and intermarriage."并没有提及人口的问题,因此选项D是一个文中未提及的信息;选项C就是二段首句"but is hardly poisonous."的同义替换。


4. [D] 细节题

是一道细节事实题,但也可以把它看成是一道例证题,"children in remote villages around world are fans of superstars" 说明文化已经影响到了全世界每一个偏僻的角落,当然D就是正确答案。A选项还是具有一定的诱惑性,但是由于他没有出现文章的核心概念"文化",因此把他排除。B&C明显与原文相反。


5. [B] 作者态度题

就问美国社会对于移民的融入过程是成功还是失败还是什么情况,它的过程应该讲是比较成功的。它从三个方面讲到美国种族之间的通婚比例是比较高,美国移民到第三代的时候基本上完全忘掉了原来的语言,同时新移民的家庭一般高于50%的人都拥有自己的房子,说明他们在美国大陆已经定居了,所以25题的正确答案应该选择B。它说作者的意见中移民进入美国社会的这样一种融合是什么样的,也就是说它现在让你根据文章的意思看一下融合问题是什么样的。A是有回报的或者值得的、值当的。B是成功的。原文中我们看到作者描述的是移民进入美国社会、融入美国社会的过程很成功,但是没有讲到这个融入过程对于美国社会或者对于移民本身有什么回报。这个题难就难在A和B两个词都是正面意思,很多同学在这两个正面意思之间不知道如何取舍。但是要注意虽然是正面意思,但是不一定完全和题目讲到的东西相关。整个题目是讲融合的成功,而不是说融合成功后会有什么样的回报的问题。
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发表于 2008-5-9 14:27:39 |只看该作者

考研英语辅导:阅读理解模拟练习04

Stratford-on-Avon, as we all know, has only one industry-William Shakespeare-but there are two distinctly separate and increasingly hostile branches. There is the Royal Shakespeare Company (RSC), which presents superb productions of the plays at the Shakespeare Memorial Theatre on the Avon. And there are the townsfolk who largely live off the tourists who come, not to see the plays, but to look at Anne Hathaway's Cottage, Shakespeare's birthplace and the other sights.

  The worthy residents of Stratford doubt that the theatre adds a penny to their revenue. They frankly dislike the RSC's actors, them with their long hair and beards and sandals and noisiness. It's all deliciously ironic when you consider that Shakespeare, who earns their living, was himself an actor (with a beard) and did his share of noise - making.

  The tourist streams are not entirely separate. The sightseers who come by bus- and often take in Warwick Castle and Blenheim Palace on the side - don't usually see the plays, and some of them are even surprised to find a theatre in Stratford. However, the playgoers do manage a little sight - seeing along with their playgoing. It is the playgoers, the RSC contends, who bring in much of the town's revenue because they spend the night (some of them four or five nights) pouring cash into the hotels and restaurants. The sightseers can take in everything and get out of town by nightfall.

  The townsfolk don't see it this way and local council does not contribute directly to the subsidy of the Royal Shakespeare Company. Stratford cries poor traditionally. Nevertheless every hotel in town seems to be adding a new wing or cocktail lounge. Hilton is building its own hotel there, which you may be sure will be decorated with Hamlet Hamburger Bars, the Lear Lounge, the Banquo Banqueting Room, and so forth, and will be very expensive.

  Anyway, the townsfolk can't understand why the Royal Shakespeare Company needs a subsidy. (The theatre has broken attendance records for three years in a row. Last year its 1,431 seats were 94 per cent occupied all year long and this year they'll do better.) The reason, of course, is that costs have rocketed and ticket prices have stayed low.

  It would be a shame to raise prices too much because it would drive away the young people who are Stratford's most attractive clientele. They come entirely for the plays, not the sights. They all seem to look alike (though they come from all over) -lean, pointed, dedicated faces, wearing jeans and sandals, eating their buns and bedding down for the night on the flagstones outside the theatre to buy the 20 seats and 80 standing-room tickets held for the sleepers and sold to them when the box office opens at 10:30 a.m.

1. From the first two paras , we learn that
A. the townsfolk deny the RSC ' s contribution to the town's revenue
B. the actors of the RSC imitate Shakespeare on and off stage
C. the two branches of the RSC are not on good terms
D. the townsfolk earn little from tourism

2. It can be inferred from Para 3 that
A. the sightseers cannot visit the Castle and the Palace separately
B. the playgoers spend more money than the sightseers
C. the sightseers do more shopping than the playgoers
D. the playgoers go to no other places in town than the theater

3. By saying "Stratford cries poor traditionally" (Line 2-3, Paragraph 4), the author implies that
A. Stratford cannot afford the expansion projects
B. Stratford has long been in financial difficulties
C. the town is not really short of money
D. the townsfolk used to be poorly paid

4. According to the townsfolk, the RSC deserves no subsidy because
A. ticket prices can be raised to cover the spending
B. the company is financially ill-managed
C. the behavior of the actors is not socially acceptable
D. the theatre attendance is on the rise

5. From the text we can conclude that the author
A. is supportive of both sides
B. favors the townsfolk's view
C. takes a detached attitude
D. is sympathetic

〔背景介绍〕

文章类型:社会科学,经济学

本文主要叙述莎士比亚的故乡Stratford-on-Avon城,其皇家莎士比亚公司与城市居民之间的抵触情绪,关键还是对于Stratford-on-Avon利益贡献程度的一种争议。

〔结构分析〕

第一段开门见山论述莎士比亚的故乡Stratford-on-Avon城中有两个敌对的分支--皇家莎士比亚公司与城市居民。

第二段论述了两群人对于经济利益及地方发展上有一些的不同的观点。

第三、四段论述来到莎士比亚故居访问的人有两类人,一类是观光客,还有一类是专门来看戏的。

最后两段论述这个剧团现在是有点亏损了,但是当地的政府不愿意补贴给剧团费用。有一个方法就是要涨价,但是作者在最后一段用一个很明显的词儿"shame",说这是一件令人羞辱的事情,说明这是行不通的办法。

〔题目解析〕

1. [A] 细节事实题

这道题目也是近几年考研中经常出现的题型,乍一看是细节题,但还是要求考生从总体把握文章的框架结构。从前两段文章都是在论述皇家莎士比亚公司与城市居民之间的抵触情绪。A城镇居民拒绝承认皇家莎士比亚公司对小镇做出的贡献是同义替换。文中并没有提及演员在舞台下也模仿莎士比亚,因此B错误;C又是常见的诱惑手段,它偷换了概念,文中是讲述RSC和居民的矛盾,而不是RSC本身内部分为两派,因此C也是一个错误选项;D明显于原文相反,我们的居民从旅游业中获益是很大的,而不是几乎没有。

2. [B] 推理题

根据题干明显定位到第三段。本段讲述来到莎士比亚故居访问的人有两类人,一类是观光客,还有一类是专门来看戏的,作者引用别人的观点来说明,观光客一般来说不看戏,同时也不一定晚上在这个地方逗留,但是看戏的人一般都会在这个地方消费,在这个地方住一个晚上有可能去饭馆吃饭之类的,还说有些人甚至是住上四、五个晚上。通过这句话其实作者在间接的说明一个问题,这些看戏的人可能对当地的经济贡献更加大一些,言下之意就是说剧团对当地经济比居民开的饭馆末、开的酒店对当地经济拉动更大一些。因此选项B看戏的人比观光者花费更多的钱是原文的同义替换。A是原文中未提及的信息,而C和D都明显于原文相反。

3. [C] 词义推理题

这道词义题出得相对比较简单,从"cry poor"字面意思理解为哭穷,如果真的解释为穷的话,就不会出考题了。而且后文中说著名的希尔顿酒店也要在这个地方开业了,内部装饰及其奢华,很明显这个当地经济并不是十分贫困。因此A、B、D选项都是穷的意思,当然都是错误的,只有C选项这个城镇并非真正缺钱是同义替换。

4. [D] 细节事实题

这是一道细节事实题,通过题干定位到原文的倒数第二段,关键还是审题,作者问的是城镇居民的观点。文中说了因为来看戏的人数已经打破了同期的历史纪录,而且今年人数还会增加,当然就不需要再增加津贴了。因此选项D同义替换,A选项与原文相反,现在不能提升票价;选项B经营不善和选项C 表演不能被接受都是文中未提及的信息。

5. [D] 作者态度题

作者在第二段最后一句话提到,其实这个事情是有点讽刺意味的,想想现在这个镇子上的居民之所以过上比较舒适的生活是因为莎士比亚,而莎士比亚当年可能就是这样的模样,留着长头发、留着胡子,同时可能整天吵吵闹闹。通过这样的介绍,大家可以看到在莎士比亚皇家剧团和当地居民的争论中作者的观点其实是更赞同艺术家的。还有作者在最后一段用一个很明显的词儿"shame",说这是一件令人羞辱的事情,它认为艺术本身就会让很多年轻人跑掉,年轻人看不起戏了,也不能普及戏剧了。通过这一点来看,我们依然可以看到作者在两个群体对立之中,在剧团与当地居民的对立之间更加倾向于剧团。因此选择D选项。
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发表于 2008-5-9 14:28:35 |只看该作者

考研英语辅导:阅读理解模拟练习05

When prehistoric man arrived in new parts of the world, something strong happened to the large animals; they suddenly became extinct. Smaller species survived, the large, slow-growing animals were easy game, and were quickly hunted to extinction.

  Now something similar could be happening in the oceans that the seas are being over-fished has been known for years what researchers such as Ransom Myers and Boris Worm have shown is just how fast things are changing. They have looked at half a century of data from fisheries around the world. Their methods de not attempt to estimate the actual biomass (the amount of living biological matter) of fish species in particular parts of the ocean, but rather changes in that biomass over time. According to their latest paper published in Nature, the biomass of large predators (animals that kill and eat other animals) inanes fishery is reduced on average by 80% within 15 years of the start of exploitation. In some long-fished areas, it has halved again since then Dr. Worm acknowledges that these figures are conservative, one reason for this is that fishing technology has improved Today's vessels can find their prey using satellites and sonar, which were not available 50 years ago that means a higher proportion of what is in the sea is being caught, so the real difference between present and past is likely to be worse than the one recorded by changes in catch sizes. In the early days, too, longlines would have been more saturated with fish. Some individuals would therefore not have been caught, since to baited hooks would have been available to trap them, leading to an underestimate of fish stocks in the past. Furthermore, in the early days of longline fishing, a lot of fish were lost to sharks after they had been hooked. That is no longer a problem, because there are fewer sharks around noise.

  Dr. Myers and Dr. worm argue that their work gives a correct baseline, which future management efforts must take into account. They believe the date support an idea current among marine biologists, that of the "shifting baseline". The notion is that people have failed to detect the massive changes which have happened in the ocean because they have been looking back only a relatively short time into the past. That matters because theory suggests that the maximum sustainable yield that can be cropped form a fishery comes when the biomass of a target species is about 50% of its original levels. Most fisheries are well below that, which is a bad way to de business.

1、The extinction of large prehistoric animals is noted to suggest that
A、 large animal were vulnerable to the changing environment
B、 small species survived as large animals disappeared
C、 large sea animals may face the same threat today.
D、 Slow-growing fish outlive fast-growing ones

2、who can infer form Dr Myers and Dr. Worm's paper that
A、 the stock of large predators in some old fisheries has reduced by 90%
B、 there are only half as many fisheries are there were 15 years ago
C、 the catch sizes in new fisheries are only 20% of the original amount
D、 the number of larger predators dropped faster in new fisherish than in the old

3、By saying these figures are conservative (line in ,paragragf-3), Dr worm means that
A、 fishing technology has improved rapidly
B、 then catch-sizes are actually smaller then recorded
C、 the marine bio mass has suffered a greater loss
D、 the date collected so far are pit pf date.

4 、Dr Myers and other researchers hold that
A、people should look for a baseline that can't work for a longer time
B、fisheries should keep the yield below 50% of the biomass
C、the ocean biomass should restored its original level.
D、people should adjust the fishing baseline to changing situation.

5、The author seems to be mainly concerned with most fisheries'
A、 management efficiency
B、 biomass level
C、 catch-size limits
D、 technological application

Passage 3

〔背景介绍〕

文章类型:自然科学,生态学

从文章分类上来说是一个自然科学关于生态方面的文章,这是今年四篇文章中唯一的一篇自然科学的问题。讲述了一个很简单的现象--渔业过渡捕捞会导致鱼群大量衰减。

〔结构分析〕

第一段还是用常见的类比方法,作为一个引子为了引出第二段的文章主题。

第二、三段用具体的数据说明当前的问题--鱼群数量在锐减。

第四段给我们提出建议,应该转换基线,关注biomass level。

〔题目解析〕

1. [C] 细节事实题

这种题型近两年每年必考,就是问引子的作用。第一段讲到了历史上的一个情况,就是说当史前人类到达一个新世界的地方,对于大型动物有一个很奇怪的事情就发生了,就是这些大型动物很快就灭绝,小动物会生存下来。按理说应该是小动物首先灭绝,因为它抵御风险的能力高一些。为什么大动物首先灭绝呢?后面又讲到了,大动物是很容易被人捕捉到的。其实是用这样的情况类比在海洋渔业中发生的情况。海洋渔业中我们人类首先捕的是大鱼,所以大鱼灭绝速度也要快一些。因此A和B选项属于以事论事肯定错误;D选项属于一种无中生有的比较;C选项大型海洋类动物今天也面临相同的威胁是同义替换。考生们一定要记住,引子不是为了说明引子,是为了引出文章主题的,也就是为了说明主题的。

2. [A] 推理题

首先从题干定位到原文的第二段。在论文中里,这两个博士提到了新的渔场在开始开发15年之内鱼的数量平均下降了80%。在某些长期捕捞的渔场里,鱼的数量自从那个时候,又下降了一半。意思就是说原来只剩20%了,现在再下降一半,那就是说有些长期捕捞的渔场的数量下降了90%。A选项大型的食肉鱼类的数量在某些渔场减少了90%是同义替换。B选项今天渔场的数量是15年的一半这是文中未提及的信息;C选项在新的渔场捕鱼的数量只是原先的20%,文中没有讨论过捕鱼数量,而是讨论的海洋中鱼的数量,这还是偷换概念;D选项属于一种无中生有的比较,文中没有就新旧渔场进行过比较。

3. [C] 细节事实题

根据题干定位到原文第三段,前文中讲现在大型食肉鱼类数量在锐减,紧接着在说这个数据还是有保留性的,后文继续论述因为今天的科技远比50年前的先进(即说明今天探明的数量是更精确的,而50年的探明的数量只是真正数量其中一部分,换而言之,实际减少的数量要比我们统计的数据还要多)。因此C选项为同义替换。选项A"捕鱼技术飞速发展"和选项B"实际捕鱼数量比统计的要少"都是文中未提及的信息;选项D"收集的数据只是部分数据"与原文相反,今天的数据应该是相当精确的。

4. [D] 细节事实题

选项A"should look for a baseline"与末段首句矛盾,文中说他们已经给出了一个正确的基线,因此不需要再去寻找了;选项B"低于50%"与原文倒数两句话明显相反;选项C"海洋生物数量应该恢复到原始阶段"是文中未提及的信息,而且与文中的50%也不匹配。选项D"人们应该根据不断变化的情况来调整捕渔业的基线"是原文末段第二句"shifting baseline"的同义替换。

5. [B] 主旨题

这还是一道篇章性的问题,这篇文章从第二段开始都是围绕(单位面积或体积内)生物的数量来展开讨论的,当然是选择B。选项A"高效的管理";选项C"捕鱼数量的限制"和选项D"运用科技"都是文中未提及的信息。
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